Densities, speeds of sound, and refractive indices of methyl laurate, ethyl laurate, ethyl myristate, and ethyl oleate in the temperature range 288.15–343.15 K and viscosities from 288.15 to 373.15 K ...were measured at atmospheric pressure. The measured properties were in good agreement with several available literature data, finding an overall absolute average percentage deviation (AAD) of 0.04%, 0.07%, 3%, and 0.1% for density, speed of sound, viscosity, and refractive index, respectively. The densities of mentioned esters were also measured along 15 isotherms from 293.15 to 413.15 K and at pressures up to 60 MPa using an Anton Paar DMA HP densimeter. Based on the literature data selected for comparison, in the studied ranges of temperature and pressure, the AADs of high-pressure densities were 0.08% for methyl laurate, 0.06% for ethyl laurate, and 0.05% for ethyl myristate. The obtained density values were correlated through the modified Tammann–Tait equation with an AAD lower than 0.009% for all the studied esters. The adjusted parameters were used to calculate the isothermal compressibility, isobaric thermal expansivity, internal pressure, and difference in isobaric and isochoric heat capacities. It was found that methyl laurate has higher density, speed of sound, and refractive index than ethyl laurate of the same fatty acid, while viscosities for the ethyl are slightly higher than those of the methyl laurate. The values of the isothermal compressibility and the isobaric thermal expansivity for ethyl laurate are slightly higher than those for methyl.
The ability of binary deep eutectic solvent choline chloride+1,2-propanediol (DES1; 1 : 3 mole ratio) and ternary deep eutectic solvent choline chloride+1,2-propanediol+water (DES2; 1 : 3 : 3 mole ...ratio) for breaking the azeotropes hexane/heptane+ethanol by means of liquid-liquid extraction was evaluated. Liquid-liquid equilibrium experiments were performed at 298.15 K, at atmospheric pressure, and data were correlated by NRTL and UNIQUAC models. Thermodynamic properties (density, viscosity, refractive index and speed of sound) of DES1 and DES2 were determined in temperature range from 288.15 K to 333.15 K and at atmospheric pressure. Extraction ability of the investigated eutectics yielded promising results in comparison with conventional solvents. Besides a high selectivity towards ethanol, an advantage of DES2 is its lower viscosity and higher distribution ratio values, which is an important aspect for a potential industrial application. Another advantage of both investigated eutectics is their easy and high recoverability from the extract layer based on their negligible vapor pressure.
Densities, refractive indices, and viscosities of 1-amino-2-propanol (monoisopropanolamine (MIPA)) + 1-butanol and 1-amino-2-propanol + 2-butanol solutions are reported over the entire range of mole ...fractions and the temperature range from (288.15 to 333.15) K. The Redlich–Kister relation was used for correlation of measured results of excess molar volumes, viscosities, and refractive indices as a function of temperature and composition. Partial molar volumes at infinite dilution were determined from apparent molar volumes. Negative values for excess molar volumes, refractive indices, and viscosity deviations are observed over the entire composition range. The viscosities of 1-amino-2-propanol with 1-butanol and 1-amino-2-propanol with 2-butanol are well represented by an Arrhenius equation. Activation energies for viscous flows are determined by linearization of the Arrhenius equation, providing a clear explanation of the influence on hydrogen bonding. In order to confirm molecular interactions between compounds obtained by analysis of infinite dilution of solute, a FT-IR spectroscopy study was performed at T = 298.15 K. Interactional and structural effects were investigated through calculations of excess Gibbs free energy of activation of viscous flow.
The limited reserves and well-known disadvantages of using fossil energy sources have increased the need for appropriate renewable substitutes in the production of various chemicals and materials. ...Biomass has been shown to be worthy of attention since it can be converted to biofuels and value-added chemicals relatively easily. The design of biomass valorisation process requires knowledge on the thermodynamic behaviour of the biomass-derived compounds, such as furfural and furfuryl alcohol. The thermodynamic and transport properties of the binary system furfural + furfuryl alcohol were studied at various temperatures and pressures. Density, speed of sound and refractive index were measured in the temperature range T = (288.15–345.15) K and viscosity was measured at temperatures up to 373.15 K, all at atmospheric pressure. Further, the density of pure components was obtained in the temperature range (293.15–413.15) K for furfural and (293.15–373.15) K for furfuryl alcohol at pressures up to 60.0 MPa. The obtained density values were correlated using the modified Tammann–Tait equation with an average absolute deviation lower than 0.009% for furfural and furfuryl alcohol. The optimised parameters were used for the calculation of the isothermal compressibility, the isobaric thermal expansivity, the internal pressure and the isobaric and isochoric specific heat capacities. The reported data are a valuable source of information for the further application of the investigated compounds.
The densities of four ionic liquids: 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (E3MimNf2), n-propyl-n-methylpyrrolidinium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (PMpyrNf2), ...1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (BMpyrNf2), and 1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonil)imide (BMpyrNTf2) were measured at temperatures (293.15 to 413.15) K and pressures (0.1 to 60) MPa. The experimental density data were modeled using the modified Tammann–Tait equation and the average absolute percentage deviations between measured and calculated values for all studied ionic liquids were less than 0.004%. The optimized parameters were used to calculate the isothermal compressibility, the isobaric thermal expansivity, the internal pressure, and the difference between specific heat capacities at constant pressure and at constant volume. The cation and anion influences on the properties of the ionic liquids were examined. The longer alkyl chains on cations are related to lower density of ionic liquids and ionic liquids with imidazole based cation are denser than those with pyrrolidinium cation. The presence of more stabile NTf2− anion in ionic liquids leads to greater densities comparing to Nf2− anion.
Ethylene glycol is recognized as a heat transfer fluid. To improve its performance, caffeine is added to pure ethylene glycol. The experimental measurements of densities at pressures of up to 60 MPa ...and in the range of temperatures 293.15–413.15 K were performed. Obtained experimental results were fitted by the modified Tammann–Tait equation, and parameters were used to determine some valuable thermodynamic and mechanical properties, the isothermal compressibility, the isobaric thermal expansibility, the internal pressure, and the difference of specific heat capacity at constant pressure and constant volume. The same approach was applied to the equimolar mixture of ethylene glycol and water. The results confirm negligible changes in the investigated thermodynamic properties with the addition of caffeine into pure ethylene glycol and significantly smaller dependence on temperature compared to the mixture of ethylene glycol and water.
Density ρ, viscosity η, and refractive index n D have been experimentally measured for four binary mixtures dimethyl adipate + poly(ethylene glycol) 200, dimethyl adipate + poly(ethylene glycol) ...400, dimethyl phthalate + poly(ethylene glycol) 200, and dimethyl phthalate + poly(ethylene glycol) 400 in the temperature range T = (288.15 to 323.15) K with a temperature step of 5 K and at atmospheric pressure. Excess molar volumes V E, viscosity deviations Δη, and deviations of refractive index Δn D were calculated from experimental data and fitted using Redlich–Kister polynomial. Fourier-transform infrared analysis of binary mixtures and corresponding pure components was performed at 298.15 K in order to gain insight into the molecular structure of mixtures and possible intra- and intermolecular interactions. Performed IR analysis confirms an absence of intermolecular interactions between unlike compounds. Consequently, the nonideal behavior of mixtures is contributed to geometrical packing or dispersion forces of different species.
SAFT equations of state have been widely used for the determination of different thermo-physical and phase equilibria properties. In order to use these equations as predictive models it is necessary ...to calculate the model parameters. In this work CK-SAFT and PC-SAFT equations of state were applied for the correlation of pure compounds densities in the wide ranges of temperature and pressure (288.15–413.15 K and 0.1–60 MPa, respectively). The calculations of densities for n-hexane, n-heptane, n-octane, toluene, dichloromethane and ethanol, under high pressure conditions, were performed with the new sets of parameters determined in this paper by CK-SAFT and PC-SAFT. Very good agreement between experimental and calculated density values was achieved, having absolute average percentage deviations lower than 0.5 %.
Excess molar volumes V E, refractive index deviations Δn D, and viscosity deviations Δη of the ternary dimethyladipate + 2-butanone + 1-butanol and binary 2-butanone + 1-butanol systems are ...determined from the measured densities ρ, refractive indices n D, and viscosities η. Viscosities and viscosity deviations of the binary dimethyladipate + 2-butanone system are also presented. Measurements are carried out at eight temperatures from (288.15 to 323.15) K and at an ambient pressure of 0.1 MPa. Instruments from Anton Paar were utilized: a digital vibrating tube densimeter type DMA 5000, RXA 156 refractometer, and SVM 3000/G2 digital Stabinger viscometer. Excess properties of the binary system were fitted to the Redlich–Kister polynomial equation, whereas for the ternary system, the Nagata–Tamura equation was applied. To try to comprehend the nature of the interactions between compounds that cause nonideal behavior in mixtures, FT-IR spectra of the binary constituents were collected at T = 298.15 K. V E data of the investigated ternary system show both negative and positive deviations from the ideal behavior. On the other hand, viscosity changes are negative, while changes in refractive indices are positive over the entire concentration area at all investigated temperatures.
Terpenes usually found in plants have a wide range of applications, especially as additives in various types of fuels, and most recently in the aviation industry, where they can be blended with jet ...fuels or kerosene. In this work, the densities of pure terpenes (1R)-(+)-α-pinene, (1S)-(−)-β-pinene, and linalool were measured over the temperature range T = (293.15 to 413.15) K and at high pressures p = (0.1 to 60) MPa. The experimental density data were fitted by the modified Tammann–Tait equation where the absolute average percentage deviation between measured and calculated densities was less than 0.02%, the percentage maximum deviation was less than 0.2%, and the average percentage deviation was less than 0.02% for all three measured terpenes. The obtained parameters were used to determine isothermal compressibility (κT), isobaric thermal expansivity (αp), internal pressure (p int), and the difference between specific heat capacity at constant pressure (c p) and constant volume (c v). Furthermore, the PC-SAFT model was applied for liquid density prediction at high pressures. Derived thermodynamic properties such as isothermal compressibility and isobaric thermal expansivity increase as temperature increases and decrease with pressure for all of the studied compounds.
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