In the present scenario, pharmaceutical and biomedical sectors are facing the challenges of continuous increase in the multidrug‐resistant (MDR) human pathogenic microbes. Re‐emergence of MDR ...microbes is facilitated by drug and/or antibiotic resistance, which is acquired way of microbes for their survival and multiplication in uncomfortable environments. MDR bacterial infections lead to significant increase in mortality, morbidity and cost of prolonged treatments. Therefore, development, modification or searching the antimicrobial compounds having bactericidal potential against MDR bacteria is a priority area of research. Silver in the form of various compounds and bhasmas have been used in Ayurveda to treat several bacterial infections since time immemorial. As several pathogenic bacteria are developing antibiotic resistance, silver nanoparticles are the new hope to treat them. This review discusses the bactericidal potential of silver nanoparticles against the MDR bacteria. This multiactional nanoweapon can be used for the treatment and prevention of drug‐resistant microbes.
Summary
Although previous systematic reviews considered the relationship between socioeconomic status and obesity, almost 200 peer‐reviewed articles have been published since the last review on that ...topic, and this paper focuses specifically on education, which has different implications. The authors systematically review the peer‐reviewed literature from around the world considering the association between educational attainment and obesity. Databases from public health and medicine, education, psychology, economics, and other social sciences were searched, and articles published in English, French, Portuguese and Spanish were included. This paper includes 289 articles that report on 410 populations in 91 countries. The relationship between educational attainment and obesity was modified by both gender and the country's economic development level: an inverse association was more common in studies of higher‐income countries and a positive association was more common in lower‐income countries, with stronger social patterning among women. Relatively few studies reported on lower‐income countries, controlled for a comprehensive set of potential confounding variables and/or attempted to assess causality through the use of quasi‐experimental designs. Future research should address these gaps to understand if the relationship between educational attainment and obesity may be causal, thus supporting education policy as a tool for obesity prevention.
Novel bis(1,3,4-oxadiazole) derivatives
2(
a–h) and 3,5-bis(substituted)pyrazoles
3(
a,
b,
d–i) and isoxazoles
4(
a–c) were synthesized and evaluated for their antioxidant and antibacterial ...activities and results were compared with standard.
Two series of five membered heterocyclic bis(1,3,4-oxadiazole) derivatives
2(
a–
h) and 3,5-bis(substituted)pyrazoles, isoxazoles
3(
a,
b,
d–
i),
4(
a–
c) were synthesized via oxidative cyclization of some diaroylhydrazones using chloramine-T and cyclocondensation reaction with hydrazine hydrate and hydroxylamine hydrochloride, respectively. The newly synthesized compounds were screened for antioxidant and anti-microbial activities. Compounds
2(
b),
3(
b), and
4(
a) showed higher antioxidant activity at 10
μg/ml while compounds
2(
a),
3(
a),
3(
f), and
4(
a) exhibited better anti-microbial activity at 100
μg/ml compared with standard vitamin C and ciprofloxacin, respectively. Structures of newly synthesized compounds were confirmed by elemental analysis and spectral IR,
1H NMR, and
13C NMR data.
We report extracellular synthesis of silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) from Phoma glomerata and its efficacy against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The bacteria ...exhibiting resistance to various antibiotics showed remarkable sensitivity, when used in combination of antibiotics and Ag-NPs. Biosynthesis of Ag-NPs was carried out by challenging the fungal cell filtrate with 1 mmol l⁻¹ silver nitrate. The Ag-NPs were characterized with the help of UV-Visible spectrophotometer and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Scanning electron microscopy was carried out to detect the size of Ag-NPs. Evaluation of the combined effect(s) was studied by disc diffusion method against E. coli, Staph. aureus and Ps. aeruginosa. The biosynthesis route seems to be eco-friendly and easy to scale up the process. Thus, these Ag-NPs may prove as a better candidate for drugs and can potentially eliminate the problem of chemical agents because of their biogenic nature. The bacterial resistance against antibiotics has been increasing with alarming rate. To overcome this problem, there is a pressing need to develop bactericidal agents. Ag-NPs may prove to be an answer to drug-resistant bacteria.
Novel piperamide bearing 4-hydroxypiperidine as antidepressant and antioxidant agent.
A series of piperamide derivatives (8a–j) was synthesized with various substituted piperidine and piperazine ...compounds. The prepared compounds were evaluated for antibacterial activity against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria and antifungal activity by disc diffusion method. The antioxidant activity of the compounds was evaluated by DPPH and superoxide radical scavenging method and antidepressant activity using forced swim and tail suspension behavioral despair tests in mice. The compounds 8a, 8b and 8c were investigated for their monoamine oxidase A and B (MAO-A and MAO-B) inhibitory property. Some of the test compounds were active in forced swim test (FST) and tail suspension test (TST). Compounds 8a and 8b showed a significant effect, when compared to standard drug, clorgyline.
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