PURPOSEPrior studies have found that women in academic medicine do not advance or remain in their careers in parity with men. The authors examined a cohort of faculty from the 1995 National Faculty ...Survey to identify predictors of advancement, retention, and leadership for women faculty.
METHODThe authors followed 1,273 faculty at 24 medical schools in the continental United States for 17 years to identify predictors of advancement, retention, and leadership for women faculty. Schools were balanced for public or private status and the four Association of American Medical Colleges geographic regions. The authors used regression models to adjust for covariatesseniority, department, academic setting, and race/ethnicity.
RESULTSAfter adjusting for significant covariates, women were less likely than men to achieve the rank of professor (OR = 0.57; 95% CI, 0.43–0.78) or to remain in academic careers (OR = 0.68; 95% CI, 0.49–0.94). When number of refereed publications was added to the model, differences by gender in retention and attainment of senior rank were no longer significant. Male faculty were more likely to hold senior leadership positions after adjusting for publications (OR = 0.49; 95% CI, 0.35–0.69).
CONCLUSIONSGender disparities in rank, retention, and leadership remain across the career trajectories of the faculty cohort in this study. Women were less likely to attain senior-level positions than men, even after adjusting for publication-related productivity. Institutions must examine the climate for women to ensure their academic capital is fully utilized and equal opportunity exists for leadership.
Summary Background Child marriage is a substantial barrier to social and economic development in India, and a primary concern for women's health. We assessed the prevalence of child marriage—ie, ...before 18 years of age—in young adult women in India, and the associations between child marriage and women's fertility and fertility-control outcomes. Methods Data from the National Family Health Survey-3 (2005–06) were limited to a sample of Indian women aged 20–24 years (n=22 807), of whom 14 813 had been or were presently married (ever-married). Prevalence of child marriage was estimated for the whole sample. We used regression models adjusted for demographics, and models adjusted for demographics and duration of marriage to estimate odds ratios (ORs) for the associations between child marriage and both fertility and fertility-control outcomes, in the ever-married subsample. Findings 44·5% of women aged 20–24 years were married before age 18 years, 22·6% were married before age 16 years, and 2·6% were married before age 13 years. Child marriage was significantly associated with no contraceptive use before first childbirth (adjusted OR 1·37 95% CI 1·22–1·54), high fertility (three or more births) (7·40 6·45–8·50), a repeat childbirth in less than 24 months (3·00 2·74–3·29), multiple unwanted pregnancies (2·36 1·90–2·94), pregnancy termination (1·48 1·34–1·63), and female sterilisation (6·68 5·78–7·60). The association between child marriage and high fertility, a repeat childbirth in less than 24 months, multiple unwanted pregnancies, pregnancy termination, and sterilisation all remained significant after controlling for duration of marriage. Interpretation Increased enforcement of existing policies is crucial for prevention of child marriage. Improved family-planning education, access, and support are urgently needed for women married as children, their husbands, and their families to reduce the high fertility and poor fertility-control outcomes of this practice. Funding US National Institutes of Health and Indian Council of Medical Research.
Jay Silverman and Anita Raj discuss the policies and interventions required to address the range of poor reproductive outcomes for women and adolescents, including loss of reproductive control, ...associated with intimate partner violence.
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Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
We develop and test gender attitude measures conducted with a school-based sample of adolescents aged 14-17 years in India. We test a measure with survey items and vignettes to capture gender-based ...value and stereotypes, an Implicit Association Test (IAT) capturing gender-based value, and an IAT capturing gender stereotype. All demonstrate good internal reliability, and both IATs are significantly associated with our survey measure suggesting criterion validity, though not confirming it due to the lack of a gold standard measure on gender attitudes. Finally, construct validity is indicated from the measures' positive significant associations with higher girls' mobility and education. The gender-related IAT tools developed are consistent and valid, and modestly correlated with gender-related behavior outcomes such as mobility and school enrolment.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Cancer refers to the division of abnormal cells at an uncontrollable rate that possesses the ability to infiltrate and destroy normal tissues. It frequently spreads to normal tissues throughout the ...body, a condition known as metastasis, which is a significant concern. It is the second leading cause of mortality globally and treatment therapy can assist in improving survival rates. Exosomes are the extracellular vesicles secreted by several cells that act as messengers between cells. When engineered, exosomes act as promising drug delivery vehicles that help achieve targeted action at the tumour site and reduce the limitations of conventional treatments such as castration, chemotherapy, radiation, etc. The present review provides an overview of exosomes, the biogenesis, sources, isolation methods and characterization. The current status and applications of chemotherapeutic agents loaded, engineered exosomes in cancer treatment were convoluted.
An overview of Exosome biogenesis, Sources, Isolation, Characterization, Loading and Applications. Sources of Exosomes: A-milk from various dairy animals; B,C- mesenchymal stem cells; d- Dendritic cells; E- plant sources grapes; F- Ginger; G- microbial sources; Isolation Techniques: U- Ultracentrifugation; V- Polymer precipitation; W- Size exclusion chromatography; X-Immune affinity techniques; Characterization Methods: Y-Flow Cytometry; Z- Western Blotting; AA- Nanoparticle tracking analysis;AB- Electron Microscopy; AC-Dynamic Light scattering; Loading methods: H- polymer addition; I- Electroporation; J- Sonication; K- Transfection; l-Incubation Technique; M- Surfactants; Applications in cancer: NHepatocarcinoma; O- brain cancer; P- Pancreatic cancer; Q- Ovarian cancer; R- Lung cancer; S- sarcoma,T- Breast cancer. Display omitted
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