Chronic pelvic pain (CPP) is a common symptom of endometriosis. Women with endometriosis are also at a high risk of suffering from anxiety, depression, and other psychological disorders. Recent ...studies indicate that endometriosis can affect the central nervous system (CNS). Changes in the functional activity of neurons, functional magnetic resonance imaging signals, and gene expression have been reported in the brains of rat and mouse models of endometriosis. The majority of the studies thus far have focused on neuronal changes, whereas changes in the glial cells in different brain regions have not been studied.
Endometriosis was induced in female mice (45-day-old; n = 6-11/timepoint) by syngeneic transfer of donor uterine tissue into the peritoneal cavity of recipient animals. Brains, spines, and endometriotic lesions were collected for analysis at 4, 8, 16, and 32 days post-induction. Sham surgery mice were used as controls (n = 6/timepoint). The pain was assessed using behavioral tests. Using immunohistochemistry for microglia marker ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule-1 (IBA1) and machine learning "Weka trainable segmentation" plugin in Fiji, we evaluated the morphological changes in microglia in different brain regions. Changes in glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) for astrocytes, tumor necrosis factor (TNF), and interleukin-6 (IL6) were also evaluated.
We observed an increase in microglial soma size in the cortex, hippocampus, thalamus, and hypothalamus of mice with endometriosis compared to sham controls on days 8, 16, and 32. The percentage of IBA1 and GFAP-positive area was increased in the cortex, hippocampus, thalamus, and hypothalamus in mice with endometriosis compared to sham controls on day 16. The number of microglia and astrocytes did not differ between endometriosis and sham control groups. We observed increased TNF and IL6 expression when expression levels from all brain regions were combined. Mice with endometriosis displayed reduced burrowing behavior and hyperalgesia in the abdomen and hind-paw.
We believe this is the first report of central nervous system-wide glial activation in a mouse model of endometriosis. These results have significant implications for understanding chronic pain associated with endometriosis and other issues such as anxiety and depression in women with endometriosis.
Hydroxylase/acetyltransferase elicitors and cyclooxygenase inhibitor along with various precursors from primary shikimate and secoiridoid pools have been fortified to vincamine less hairy root clone ...of
Vinca minor
to determine the regulatory factors associated with vincamine biosynthesis. Growth kinetic studies revealed that acetyltransferase elicitor acetic anhydride and terpenoid precursor loganin significantly reduce the growth either supplemented alone or in combination (GI = 140.6 ± 18.5 to 246.7 ± 24.3), while shikimate and tryptophan trigger biomass accumulation (GI = 440.2 ± 31.5 to 540.5 ± 40.3). Loganin also downregulates total alkaloid biosynthesis. Maximum flux towards vincamine production (0.017 ± 0.001 % dry wt.) was obtained when 20-day-old hairy roots were fortified with secologanin (10 mg/l) along with tryptophan (100 mg/l), naproxen (8.4 mg/l), hydrogen peroxide (20 μg/l), and acetic anhydride (32.4 mg/l). This was supported by RT PCR (qPCR) analysis where 2- and 3-fold increase in tryptophan decarboxylase (TDC; RQ = 2.0 ± 0.09) and strictosidine synthase (STR; RQ = 3.3 ± 0.36) activity, respectively, was recorded. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) for growth kinetics, total alkaloid content, and gene expression studies favored highly significant data (
P
< 0.05–0.01). Above treated hairy roots were also up-scaled in a 5-l stirred-tank bioreactor where a 40-day cycle yielded 8-fold increase in fresh root mass.
To understand the altered developmental changes and associated gene expression in inter-genomic combinations, a study was planned in two diverse yet closely related species of Ocimum, targeting their ...hybrid F1 and amphidiploids. The existing developmental variations between F1 and amphidiploids was analyzed through phenotypical and anatomical assessments. The absence of 8330 transcripts of F1 in amphidiploids and the exclusive presence of two transcripts related to WNK lysine-deficient protein kinase and geranylgeranyl transferase type-2 subunit beta 1-like proteins in amphidiploids provided a set of genes to compare the suppressed and activated functions between F1 and amphidiploids. The estimation of eugenol and methyleugenol, flavonoid, lignin and chlorophyll content was correlated with the average FPKM and differential gene expression values and further validated through qRT-PCR. Differentially expressed genes of stomatal patterning and development explained the higher density of stomata in F1 and the larger size of stomata in amphidiploids. Gene expression study of several transcription factors putatively involved in the growth and developmental processes of plants clearly amalgamates the transcriptome data linking the phenotypic differences in F1 and amphidiploids. This investigation describes the influence of interspecific hybridization on genes and transcription factors leading to developmental changes and alleviation of intergenomic instability in amphidiploids.
The mosquito repellent Nepetalactone rich Nepeta cataria L. (catmint) plant has a variety of therapeutic and industrial potential. Reports on the genetic diversity of N. cataria germplasm are minimal ...globally and need attention for adding a new variety into commercial cultivation. The present study, therefore, assessed the genetic diversity among thirteen half‐sib genotypes of N. cataria using agro economic and phytochemical traits. The experimental set has shown substantial variation for agro economic traits studied. Among all the studied populations, fresh herb‐based essential oil content ranged from 0.1 % to 0.3 %, with a grand mean of 1.67 %. However, the estimated oil yield ranged from 44.4 kg/h to 120.73 kg/h with an average of 71.34 kg/h. Among the eleven phytochemical constituents detected in different concentrations in the essential oil of experimental sets, 4aα,7α,7aα‐Nepetalactone (67.9–87.5 %) constituted the significant proportion of essential oil. Altogether, based on mean comparison, the population NC8 was found to be promising for estimated oil yield and 4aα,7α,7aα‐Nepetalactone content. The greater heritability estimates (h2bs) and genetic advance as percent of mean (GAM) were observed for important economic parameters, i. e., oil content, herb yield, and oil yield. The cluster analysis revealed the least interactions between various agro economic and phytochemical variables. The microscopic study of trichome showed a positive correlation of abaxial leaf surface with essential oil content. The promising antimicrobial potential of catmint oil was also observed against human health‐related pathogens. The results infer from our study provide valuable insight for genetic improvement and product development in the catmint germplasm.
microRNAs are small non-coding RNA molecule that plays an important role in metabolism.
Chrysopogon zizanioides
(L.) Roberty is an important aromatic plant used in perfumery industries, soil, water ...conservation, and agricultural practices. In this study, the transcriptomic sequence of vetiver leaf and root was subjected to miRNA identification by the computational methods. miRNA identification was carried out using a homology-based method by C-mii software with several other online tools. A total of 80 miRNA were identified from both leaf and root sequences. Target identification was done by identified miRNA sets. A total of 25 and 31 miRNA families were identified in both leaf and root, respectively, with ten common families involve in different ontological function. miR169 and miR5021 regulate most of the target in leaf and root. In vetiver, many primary and secondary metabolism elements are regulated by miRNA as photo-system, transcription factor, terpenoid metabolism, etc. Here is the first in silico study revealing the specific miRNAs and their target genes for corresponding root and leaf tissues respectively in
C. zizanioides
.
Cannabis L. (family Cannabaceae) has long been used in the pharmaceutical, nutraceutical, and textile industries. Despite the view that Cannabis originated either in India or China, no studies have ...focussed on Indian Cannabis. The present study represents the most extensive morphometric and chemometric mapping of natural populations of Indian Cannabis. Here, we investigated sixty-six naturally occurring Cannabis populations from all the possible habitats, representing nine Indian states (Himachal Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Kerala, and Rajasthan) for genetic diversity, based on their qualitative and quantitative morphometric analysis and chemical profiling using HPLC. These analyses demonstrate that a strong correlation prevails between the genetic diversity of Indian Cannabis and their regional distribution. Based on THC:CBD ratios, 45 collections had a THC content >0.3 % and a CBD content <0.5 % and were classified as drug-type; a single collection had a THC content <0.3 % and the CBD content <0.5 % is identified as of fiber-type; and five collections show THC content <0.3 % and the CBD content >0.5 % were classified as medicinal-type; 15 collections did not fit into the above classification. As assessed here, the diversity based on phenotypic and chemotypic variability set the stage for identification and selection of lines for key agronomic traits allowing maximizing the agronomic potential of this promising crop. The results of the present study declare immense scope for devising effective breeding strategies that will enable optimum utilization of Cannabis resources by the pharmaceutical, nutraceutical and textile industries.
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•The present study represents the largest morpho- and chemometric analysis of Indian Cannabis.•Genetic diversity of Indian Cannabis and their regional distribution are strongly correlated.•THC:CBD ratios confirm that drug-type Cannabis phenotypes dominate in India.•In India, Hemp-type phenotypes occur only in Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand and Uttar Pradesh states.•Among all the collections studied, 39 were identified as THC lines with zero CBD content.
To increase the size of the flowers for easy plucking, flower yield, pyrethrins content (%), and elite mutant selection in pyrethrum.
To increase pyrethrum production and acclimatize in north Indian ...plain condition, a genetic improvement program was undertaken to widen the range of variations for size and yield of flowers and pyrethrins content (%) in pyrethrum crop. Pyrethrum seeds of the variety Avadh were irradiated with gamma rays at 20 to 300 Gy doses in Gamma chamber 5000 (cobalt-60 research irradiator).
Observations gathered visually in M
1
based on vigor, synchronization of flowering, and flower's size. Out of 90 M
2
families, 20 mutants were raised in M
3
along with the check-in preliminary evaluation trial. The four promising mutants, 1 (20 Gy-3), 7 (40 Gy-5), 10 (40 Gy-8), 14 (60 Gy19-10) was grown for four years in a bench-scale trial (randomized block design, replicated thrice) to test the yield performance and selection of high yielding elite mutant (s). It has been found that pyrethrum is sensitive to gamma rays irradiation and produced a high range of qualitative and quantitative variations. After massive screening over four years, two promising mutants for high dry flower yield and pyrethrins content, namely 7 (40 Gy-5), and 10 (40GY-8) were isolated.
The mutagenesis changed traits mean in positive or negative directions. Pyrethrum plant is highly sensitive to gamma irradiation and produced a high range of variability in the qualitative and quantitative traits. The mutagenesis changed the mean of traits in both positive and negative directions. Due to mutagenic efficacy, two mutants 7 (40 Gy-5), and 10 (40GY-8) were expressed high performance for pyrethrin percent i.e., 87.23 and 59.78% improvement over the check variety 'Avadh', with synchronous flowering. These two mutants are in the pipeline for release as a variety for cultivation in the North Indian plains.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IJS, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
The vetiver (Chrysopogon zizanioides (L.) Roberty) essential oil is obtained from its roots by hydro- or steam distillation. Its oil is used in cosmetics, perfumery and food industries, deodorants, ...soaps, cold drinks, and toilet articles. The present investigations' objective was to estimate essential oil yielding stability and the identification of environment-specific vetiver genotypes. Testing of genotypes under different years was done using additive main effect and multiplicative interaction model, genotype main effect with the genotype-by-environment interaction, and biplot statistical models for the stability of the essential oil yield. The results from both models showed that the best stable genotypes for the high essential oil were G 10, G 12, G 14, and G 15, respectively. The essential oil of the genotypes, G 10, G 14, and G 15 were rich for khusimol, Khusol, khusimone and khusian-2-ol in G 10; khusilal, α-cedrenal, α-cedrenol, khusol, khusitone in G 14, and khusilal, khusimol, α-cedrenal, α-cedrenol,khusol, khusitone in G 15 along with minor compounds having diverse aromatic characters. The two new compounds, namely, α-cedrenal and α-cedrenol were identified first in the Indian vetiver, while the line G 12 possessed khusilal and khusol as the major compounds. Therefore, these genotypes of vetiver are recommended for commercial exploitation.
The de novo transcriptome analysis was performed using leaves of the selected M. pruriens mutant T-IV-9 during maturity. The putative L-DOPA pathway and its regulatory genes were retrieved from ...transcriptome data and the L-DOPA pathway was biochemically characterized. The spatial and temporal gene expression for the L-DOPA pathway was identified with respect to the chemical constituents. L-tyrosine, L-DOPA, and dopamine contents were highest in leaves during maturity (about 170-day-old plants). The polyphenol oxidase (PPO) was highly expressed in tender stems (230-fold higher as compared to seeds) as well as a high L-DOPA content. The PPO gene was highly expressed in leaves (3367.93 in FPKM) with a 79-fold increase compared to control plants during maturity. L-DOPA was found in every part with varied levels. The highest L-DOPA content was found in mature dried seed (3.18–5.8%), whereas the lowest amount was recorded in mature and dried leaves. The reproductive parts of the plant had a higher amount of L-DOPA content (0.9–5.8%) compared to the vegetative parts (0.2–0.91%). Various amino acid transporters and permeases were expressed in M. pruriens. The transcripts of dopa decarboxylase (DDC) were found in almost all parts of the plant, but its higher content was limited to the leaf.
