Peanut or groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.), a legume of South American origin, has high seed oil content (45–56%) and is a staple crop in semiarid tropical and subtropical regions, partially because ...of drought tolerance conferred by its geocarpic reproductive strategy. We present a draft genome of the peanut A-genome progenitor, Arachis duranensis, and 50,324 protein-coding gene models. Patterns of gene duplication suggest the peanut lineage has been affected by at least three polyploidizations since the origin of eudicots. Resequencing of synthetic Arachis tetraploids reveals extensive gene conversion in only three seed-to-seed generations since their formation by human hands, indicating that this process begins virtually immediately following polyploid formation. Expansion of some specific gene families suggests roles in the unusual subterranean fructification of Arachis. For example, the S1Fa-like transcription factor family has 126 Arachis members, in contrast to no more than five members in other examined plant species, and is more highly expressed in roots and etiolated seedlings than green leaves. The A. duranensis genome provides a major source of candidate genes for fructification, oil biosynthesis, and allergens, expanding knowledge of understudied areas of plant biology and human health impacts of plants, informing peanut genetic improvement and aiding deeper sequencing of Arachis diversity.
To evaluate "coronally advanced flap" with or without "a platelet-rich fibrin membrane for the root coverage."
All the clinical parameters were assessed at different time intervals (at baseline, 1, ...3, and 6 months) in both experimental and control group. Following "clinical parameters" were recorded using "UNC-15" "Probe-Plaque Index (PI)" (Silness and Loe, 1964), "Gingival Index" (GI) (Loe and Silness, 1963), "Recession depth (RD)," "Recession width (RW)," "Clinical attachment level (CAL)," and "Width of keratinized gingiva (WKG)".
At final evaluation (i.e., mean change from baseline to 6 months), "the decrease in Plaque Index was 2.5% higher in Group B (66.0%) as compared to Group A (63.5%). The decrease in Gingival Index was 6.1% higher in Group B (91.4%) as compared to Group A (85.3%), and the decrease in recession width was 4.0% higher in Group B (75.2%) as compared to Group A (71.2%). The decrease in clinical attachment level was 4.4% higher in Group B (53.2%) as compared to Group A (48.4%). The increase in width of keratinized gingiva was 1.9% higher in Group A (28.8%) as compared to Group B (26.9%)."
The controlled, randomized, split mouth design showed that CAF surgery, either by alone or in combination with PRF, is an efficient treatment method for covering denuded roots. "This design was used to treat bilateral isolated Miller's class I and II recessions in gingival part. When compared to the CAF approach, the results from a combination of CAF and PRF after a 6-month period showed additional advantages in addition to mean root coverage in the treatment of Miller's classes I and II recessions in gingival part."
Genomics‐assisted breeding has become a powerful tool to develop high‐yielding climate‐resilient varieties for adaptation to adverse environmental conditions such as heat and drought stresses. ...Previously, efforts have been made to develop genomic resources in lentil, leading to the development of many trait‐specific mapping populations, cores and mini‐cores, and single nucleotide polymorphism and simple sequence repeat markers. Molecular markers have been used in genetic diversity analyses and to clarify genetic relationships in lentil. However, availability of cost‐effective next‐generation sequencing and genotyping‐by‐sequencing technologies has provided unprecedented opportunities for advancing genetics research and breeding applications. For instance, it has become possible to assemble the large and complex genome, develop high‐density genetic maps for high‐resolution QTL mapping, and deploy genome‐wide association study in lentil. Furthermore, a range of cost‐effective marker genotyping platforms have been developed. These developments offer ample opportunities to modernize current breeding programs in lentil for accelerating genetic gains. This review discusses the current status and future possibilities of genomics‐assisted breeding to develop and deploy lentil cultivars suitable for changing climatic conditions.
Pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) is an annual or short-lived perennial food legume of acute regional importance, providing significant protein to the human diet in less developed regions of Asia and Africa. ...Due to its narrow genetic base, pigeonpea improvement is increasingly reliant on introgression of valuable traits from wild forms, a practice that would benefit from knowledge of its domestication history and relationships to wild species. Here we use 752 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) derived from 670 low copy orthologous genes to clarify the evolutionary history of pigeonpea (79 accessions) and its wild relatives (31 accessions). We identified three well-supported lineages that are geographically clustered and congruent with previous nuclear and plastid sequence-based phylogenies. Among all species analyzed Cajanus cajanifolius is the most probable progenitor of cultivated pigeonpea. Multiple lines of evidence suggest recent gene flow between cultivated and non-cultivated forms, as well as historical gene flow between diverged but sympatric species. Evidence supports that primary domestication occurred in India, with a second and more recent nested population bottleneck focused in tropical regions that is the likely consequence of pigeonpea breeding. We find abundant allelic variation and genetic diversity among the wild relatives, with the exception of wild species from Australia for which we report a third bottleneck unrelated to domestication within India. Domesticated C. cajan possess 75% less allelic diversity than the progenitor clade of wild Indian species, indicating a severe "domestication bottleneck" during pigeonpea domestication.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) was employed to assess the diversity in the elite germplasm collection of Jatropha curcas, which has gained tremendous significance as a biofuel plant in ...India and many other countries recently. Forty-eight accessions, collected from six different states of India, were used with seven AFLP primer combinations that generated a total of 770 fragments with an average of 110 fragments per primer combination. A total of 680 (88%) fragments showed polymorphism in the germplasm analyzed, of which 59 (8.7%) fragments were unique (accession specific) and 108 (15.9%) fragments were rare (present in less than 10% accessions). In order to assess the discriminatory power of seven primer combinations used, a variety of marker attributes like polymorphism information content (PIC), marker index (MI) and resolving power (RP) values were calculated. Although the PIC values ranged from 0.20 (E-ACA/M-CAA) to 0.34 (E-ACT/M-CTT) with an average of 0.26 per primer combination and the MI values were observed in the range of 17.60 (E-ACA/M-CAA) to 32.30 (E-ACT/M-CTT) with an average of 25.13 per primer combination, the RP was recognized the real attribute for AFLP to determine the discriminatory power of the primer combination. The RP values for different primer combinations varied from 23.11 (E-ACA/M-CAA) to 46.82 (E-ACT/M-CTT) with an average of 35.21. Genotyping data obtained for all 680 polymorphic fragments were used to group the accessions analyzed using the UPGMA-phenogram and principal component analysis (PCA). Majority of groups obtained in phenogram and PCA contained accessions as per geographical locations. In general, accessions coming from Andhra Pradesh were found diverse as these were scattered in different groups, whereas accessions coming from Chhattisgarh showed occurrence of higher number of unique/rare fragments. Molecular diversity estimated in the present study combined with the datasets on other morphological/agronomic traits will be very useful for selecting the appropriate accessions for plant improvement through conventional as well as molecular breeding approaches.
EU accession: A boon or bane for corruption? Alfano, Vincenzo; Capasso, Salvatore; Goel, Rajeev K.
Journal of economics and finance,
2021/1, Letnik:
45, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
The formation and expansion of the European Union (EU) have attracted much attention. However, the impact on corruption in a nation after joining the Union has not been formally studied. Any nation ...that joins the European Union potentially faces two different and opposite effects on corruption. On the one hand, there are reasons to believe that corruption is going to decrease because of EU initiatives to fight corruption; on the other hand, there are reasons to imagine that corruption may increase due to the increase in bureaucracy and new regulations. Hence, the overall effect on corruption is not entirely clear. This work focuses on the last three rounds of EU entry and empirically studies the effects of joining the EU on corruption. Placing the analysis in the broader literature on the cross-national determinants of corruption, the results suggest that entry into the EU increases corruption. Another insight is that this corruption increase does not hold for nations that are potential EU entrants or that are in the negotiation stage.
Acid and alkali pretreatment are the most commonly employed strategy in a lignocellulosic biorefinery. The main objective of the study was to evaluate the chemical implications of acid and alkali on ...the lignin structure and subsequently on the adhesive performance. The study also aimed to investigate the effect of complete replacement of phenol and formaldehyde in the commercial wood adhesive with phenolic lignin and glyoxal, respectively. The phenolic lignin was derived from the two differentially pretreated sugarcane bagasse, i.e., acid and alkali. The isolated lignin was characterized and utilized for the synthesis of lignin-based glyoxal resin. The resins were comparatively evaluated for their mechanical properties as wood adhesives. Adhesives derived from acid pretreated sugarcane bagasse were found to be superior to lignin derived from alkali pretreated sugarcane bagasse in terms of mechanical properties and shear strength.
Graphical abstract
Genome editing provides exciting new opportunities to develop transgene-free mutants with desired modifications to meet global food demands.Current developments in genome editing and the diversity of ...CRISPR-associated proteins with various protospacer adjacent motif regions have redefined our ability to edit plant genomes.Improved Cas nucleases have been developed that could increase editing efficiencies and reduce off-targets as next-generation Cas-nuclease systems for genome-editing crops.Mutant sequencing and integration of data with artificial intelligence approaches could be used to seek any off-target edits and predict possible new protein–protein interactions.Regulatory authorities are increasingly viewing targeted mutagenesis as an extension of conventional plant breeding: the trend is to deregulate edited products if they could have been generated by conventional plant breeding processes.
The CRISPR/Cas system comprises RNA-guided nucleases, the target specificity of which is directed by Watson–Crick base pairing of target loci with single guide (sg)RNA to induce the desired edits. CRISPR-associated proteins and other engineered nucleases are opening new avenues of research in crops to induce heritable mutations. Here, we review the diversity of CRISPR-associated proteins and strategies to deregulate genome-edited (GEd) crops by considering them to be close to natural processes. This technology ensures yield without penalties, advances plant breeding, and guarantees manipulation of the genome for desirable traits. DNA-free and off-target-free GEd crops with defined characteristics can help to achieve sustainable global food security under a changing climate, but need alignment of international regulations to operate in existing supply chains.
The CRISPR/Cas system comprises RNA-guided nucleases the target specificity of which is directed by Watson–Crick base pairing of target loci with single guide (sg)RNA to induce the desired edits. CRISPR-associated proteins and other engineered nucleases are opening new avenues of research in crops to induce heritable mutations. Here, we review the diversity of CRISPR-associated proteins and strategies to deregulate genome-edited (GE) crops by considering them to be close to natural processes. This technology ensures yield without penalties, advances plant breeding, and guarantees manipulation of the genome for desirable traits. DNA-free and off-target-free GE crops with defined characteristics can help to achieve sustainable global food security under a changing climate, but need alignment of international regulations to operate in existing supply chains.
Development of resistance by the malaria parasite, a systemic inflammatory and infectious pathogen, has raised the need for novel efficacious antimalarials. Plant-derived natural compounds are known ...to modulate the immune response and eradicate the infectious pathogens. Therefore we carried out experiments with swertiamarin to dissect its anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory potential.
We carried out studies in Swiss albino mice that received infectious challenge with
and swertiamarin treatment in a prophylactic manner.
Oral administration of swertiamarin prior to infectious challenge with
in experimental mice showed delayed parasite development as compared with untreated control. IFN-γ and IL-10 appeared to be adapted/modulated by regular swertiamarin treatment. Further, withdrawal of swertiamarin pressure did not affect parasite replication. However, the short half-life of swertiamarin limited its long-lasting therapeutic effect, requiring higher and frequent dosing schedules.
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