Genetic improvement in coconut relies on exploiting the vast existing diversity among coconut accessions. Robust molecular markers are a pre-requisite for efficient characterization of genetic ...diversity. Microsatellites or simple sequence repeats (SSRs), mined from expressed sequence tags (ESTs), constitute an important resource for analysis of genetic diversity as they are abundant, polymorphic and represent function regions of the genome. We have identified a total of 318,528 putative EST-SSRs from 130,942 unigenes utilizing a leaf transcriptome dataset of coconut. Among the EST-SSRs, dinucleotide repeats were abundant (219,912; 69.04%) followed by trinucleotide (70,722; 22.2%) and tetra-nucleotide repeats (6281; 1.9%). Among the dinucleotide repeat motifs, the dominant repeat was AG/CT (35.87%), followed by AT/AT (18.59%), while the dominant trinucleotide repeat was AAG/CTT (4.59%). One hundred and twenty EST-SSR primer pairs were designed and utilized to amplify six DNA samples of coconut accessions. Fifty primers (41.7%) produced reproducible polymorphic fragments of expected sizes, from which a total of 10 primers were selected for the diversity assessment in 186 palms of 50 coconut accessions, comprising of 25 each of tall and dwarf accessions. A total of 137 alleles were detected with an average of 13.7 alleles per SSR locus. The number of alleles observed at each locus in the data set ranged from 7 to 22. All the loci showed 100% polymorphism with respect to the samples screened. The average observed heterozygosity was 0.46. The PIC values ranged from 0.79 (CnKGDEST129 and CnKGDEST100) to 0.91 (CnKGDEST117 and CnKGDEST122) with a mean value of 0.85, indicating the capacity of the EST-SSR markers to detect high levels of polymorphism. The cluster analysis revealed that accessions were generally clustered based on their relative similarity and irrespective of their geographic origins. The present study demonstrates the usefulness of transcriptome sequencing as a rapid and cost-effective methodology for the development of molecular markers. The EST-SSR markers generated through this study constitute useful and reliable tools for assessment of genetic diversity and marker-assisted selection in coconut.
A unique phenomenon—A geomagnetically quiet time merging of Equatorial Ionization Anomaly (EIA) crests, leading to an X‐pattern (EIA‐X) around the magnetic equator—has been observed in the night‐time ...ionospheric measurements by the Global‐scale Observations of the Limb and Disk mission. The pattern is also reproduced in an ionospheric model that assimilates slant Total Electron Content from Global Navigation Satellite System and Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere, and Climate 2. A free‐running whole atmospheric general circulation model simulation reproduces a similar pattern. Due to the similarity between measurements and simulations, the latter is used to diagnose this heretofore unexplained phenomenon. The simulation shows that the EIA‐X can occur during geomagnetically quiet conditions and in the afternoon to evening sector at a longitude where the vertical drift is downward. The downward vertical drift is a necessary but not sufficient condition. The simulation was performed under constant low‐solar and quiescent‐geomagnetic forcing conditions, therefore we conclude that EIA‐X can be driven by lower‐atmospheric forcing.
Plain Language Summary
Using Global‐scale Observations of the Limb and Disk (GOLD) mission observations of the nighttime ionospheric emissions, a new phenomenon—the merging of the Equatorial Ionization Anomaly (EIA) crests forming an X shaped pattern (EIA‐X)—has been observed around the magnetic equator during geomagnetic quiet conditions. This intriguing pattern has been reproduced in a whole atmospheric general circulation model simulation and in data assimilation. By examining the GOLD observations and the model simulations we address four outstanding science questions in this manuscript: (a) Can EIA‐X occur during geomagnetic quiet conditions? (b) Does the GOLD observed EIA‐X originate after sunset or before sunset? (c) What is the relationship between the vertical drift and the formation of EIA‐X? and (d) Can it be driven by lower atmospheric forcing? We found that the EIA‐X can occur during geomagnetic quiet conditions and it originates before sunset. We propose that the drivers of this phenomenon primarily originate in the lower atmosphere. These significant findings advance our understanding of the afternoon to evening ionosphere, which hold the potential to improve space weather forecasting and space based radio communication.
Key Points
Merging of the Equatorial Ionization Anomaly (EIA) crests leading to an X‐shaped pattern is observed in Global‐scale Observations of the Limb and Disk ionospheric measurements during geomagnetic quiet time
Model simulations demonstrate that EIA‐X occurs after periods of downward vertical drift, which is a necessary but not sufficient condition
The simulations also show that the observed post‐sunset EIA‐X is generated during pre‐sunset hours and persists until later local times
Phytophthora spp. is an oomycetes pathogen which causes serious damage to a wide range of crops. Bud rot disease of coconut palm, caused by P. palmivora, causes huge economic losses since it cannot ...be detected at an early stage. Utilizing dual RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq), we have simultaneously investigated the gene expression patterns in both, the infecting oomycete (P. palmivora) and infected host (coconut leaflets). Samples were collected at three time points viz., 12, 24 and 36 h, from both infected and uninfected (control) tissues and subjected to RNA-seq on an Illumina Hiseq™ 2500 sequencing platform. High quality reads obtained were subjected to mapping with corresponding reference genomes by using the HISAT2/ StringTie package. A total of 81,683 transcripts were generated against the coconut reference genome, while 9340 transcripts were generated against P. palmivora genome. Out of these, a total of 64,639 coconut transcripts and 9168 P. palmivora transcripts could be annotated using BLASTx. Gene ontology (GO) analysis, carried out using Blast2GO, resulted in 212,643 coconut and 30,736 P palmivora transcripts being functionally classified, with a single gene product described by numerous terms under the three classifications. The insights obtained could contribute to an understanding of pathogenesis of P. palmivora and inducible defense response of coconut leaves to P. palmivora.
Sida cordifolia is used commonly in traditional systems of medicine (TSM) and as folk remedies for treating the wounds (both external and internal), infected area, rheumatic disorders, muscular ...weakness, tuberculosis, heart problems, bronchitis, neurological problems etc. Therefore, in order to authenticate the claims, a mechanism-oriented investigation of the wound healing properties of this plant is essential. Aim of the study: The overall aim of the present research is to understand the precise unknown cellular and molecular mechanism by which S. cordifolia accelerates wound healing delay caused by the steroidal drug dexamethasone. Here, we have also tried to quantify intracellular superoxide with the help of a unique fluoroprobe MitoSOX based on fluorescence measurements in yeast
Wound healing property of successive extracts (ethyl acetate, methanol and aqueous) of S. cordifolia against dexamethasone-induced retardation of wound healing in rats was studied. The various extracts of S. cordifolia were characterised by determining the various phytochemicals and quantifying the total phenolic content and flavonoidal content by High throughput assays. In order to know the probable mechanism of action of the successive fractionates, assessed the antioxidant activity both by in-vitro (DPPH-assay) and in-vivo methods in wild-type Saccharomyces cerevisiae BY 4743 (WT) and knock-out strain (Δtrx2) against H2O2-induced stress mediated damages. The cell survival was evaluated after exposure to the oxidizing reagent (4 mM H2O2) by two methods which included the ability of cells to proliferate on solid or liquid medium. The cell membrane integrity/amount of mitochondrial ROS was determined by treating the strains with extract/standard in presence of H2O2 and propidium iodide (PI)/MitoSOX Red
During the preliminary in-vivo wound healing study, the period for complete re-epithelialization of the wound tissue was reduced significantly (pin the treatment groups as compared to the negative control group. The formulation HF3 containing aqueous extract of S. cordifolia (SCA) showed highest wound healing potential against dexamethasone-retarded wounds in rats which justifies its traditional use. In the growth curve assay, the H2O2-induced growth arrest was restored by aqueous extract of S. cordifolia (SCA) in a concentration-dependent(pmanner both in the WT and Δtrx2 strains similar to the standard (ascorbic acid), H2O2 after 24 hours incubation which was also confirmed by the findings of CFU method. We got almost similar results of cell viability when stained with PI. The lower level of mitochondrial superoxide was indicated by a significant (preduction in the amount of MitoSOX stained cells, in the extract-treated group in contrast to the H2O2-stressed group.
It was concluded that HF3 can be applied topically in hydrogel form in the case of delayed wound healing caused by the steroidal drug-dexamethasone, aptly justifying its traditional use. Regarding its mechanism of action, our findings report that the potent adaptive response of SCA-treated WT and Δtrx2 strains towards intracellular ROS specifically mitochondrial-ROS confirms its antioxidant potential. Moreover, as SCA was able to rescue the Δtrx2 strains from stress, it can be inferred that it might be able to induce the enzyme thioredoxin-II to restore redox homeostasis. The findings with the conditional mutant ∆trx2 are the first proof linking SCA action related to particular cellular pathways which may be because of the phenols and flavonoids and their synergistic effect.
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•Genome reports on petroleum hydrocarbons degrading microbes are limited.•Gene clusters of glycolipid and lipopeptide biosurfactant identified in E.xiangfangensis STP-3 genome.•Comparative genomics ...analysis revealed PHC metabolism as inherent ability.•Environmental adaptability occurred by accessory genome via evolutionary process.•Biosurfactants and biocatalysts administered removal of PHCs from oil sludge.
Sustainable treatment of petroleum oil sludge still remains as a major challenge to petroleum refineries. Bioremediation is the promising technology involving bacteria for simultaneous production of biosurfactant and followed by degradation of petroleum compounds. Complete genomic knowledge on such potential microbes could accentuate its successful exploitation. The present study discusses the genomic characteristics of novel biosurfactant producing petrophilic/ petroleum hydrocarbon degrading strain, Enterobacter xiangfangensis STP-3, isolated from petroleum refinery oil sludge contaminated soil. The genome has 4,584,462 bp and 4372 protein coding sequences. Functional analysis using the RAST and KEGG databases revealed the presence of biosynthetic gene clusters linked to glycolipid and lipopeptide production and multiple key candidate genes linked with the degradation pathway of petroleum hydrocarbons. Orthology study revealed diversity in gene clusters associated to membrane transport, carbohydrate, amino acid metabolism, virulence and defence mechanisms, and nucleoside and nucleotide synthesis. The comparative analysis with 27 other genomes predicted that the core genome contributes to its inherent bioremediation potential, whereas the accessory genome influences its environmental adaptability in unconventional environmental conditions. Further, experimental results showed that E. xiangfangensis STP-3 was able to degrade PHCs by 82 % in 14 days during the bioremediation of real time petroleum oil sludge with the concomitant production of biosurfactant and metabolic enzymes, To the best of our knowledge, no comprehensive genomic study has been previously reported on the biotechnological prospective of this species.
The dissimilar metal weld (DMW) joint between SA508Gr.3Cl.1 ferritic steel and SS304LN using Inconel 82/182 consumables was required in the nuclear power plants. The joint integrity assessment of ...these welds requires mechanical and metallurgical properties evaluation in weldment regions. The joint was subjected to 100% radiography test and bend test and transverse tensile test. Welding and testing were carried out as per the requirements of ASME Sec-IX and acceptance criteria as per ASME Sec-III. The transverse tensile test results indicated the failure from the weld metal although it satisfies the minimum strength requirement of the ASME requirements; therefore, the DMW joint was analyzed in detail. Straight bead deposition technique, fine slag inclusion, less reliable radiograph technique, plastic instability stress, yield strength ratio and metallurgical deteriorations have been contributed to failure of the DMW joint from the weld region. In the present work, the factors contributing to the fracture from weld metal have been discussed and analyzed.
Nematicidal potential of essential oils (EOs) has been widely reported. Terpenoids present in most of the essential oils have been reported responsible for their bioactivity though very less is known ...about their modes of action. In the present study, an
screening of nine Eos, namely,
(OEO),
(MTEO),
(CEO),
(TEO),
(AEO),
(MREO),
(CNEO),
(WEO), and
(PEO) against
revealed OEO, CNEO, and TEO as most effective with LC
39.37, 43.22, and 76.28 μg ml
respectively. EOs had varying compositions of mono- and sesquiterpenes determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. The
molecular interactions screening of major EO constituents and the seven selected target proteins of the nematode indicated highest binding affinity of geraniol-ODR1 (odorant response gene 1) complex (ΔG = -36.9 kcal mol
), due to extensive H-bonding, hydrophobic and π-alkyl interactions. The relative binding affinity followed the order: geraniol-ODR1 > β-terpineol-ODR1 > citronellal-ODR1 >
-limonene-ODR1 > γ-terpinene-ODR1. Taken together, the cumulative
and computational bioefficacy analysis related to the chemoprofiles of EOs provides useful leads on harnessing the potential of EOs as bionematicides. The insight on biochemical ligand-target protein interactions described in the present work will be helpful in logical selection of biomolecules and essential oils for development of practically viable bionematicidal products.
Biodiesel is one of the better replacement for diesel fuel because of the depleting fuel resources. The cost of the biodiesel compared to diesel is major setback in commercialization. As mass ...production is encouraged the cost involved in production will reduce and may available at the cost less than diesel. Biodiesel is one of the promising source of fuel which stands as one of the better alternative diesel fuel. This study represents the production of biodiesel by using esterification and transesterification of pongamia oil which is obtained from pongamia pinnata. Diethyl ether and zinc oxide used as additive to enhance cetane number, properties of biodiesel. The DI diesel engine is tested for its Performance and emission characteristics using pure biodiesel, biodiesel with 5%DEE biodiesel with 50ppm of zinc oxide, diesel on four stroke direct injection diesel engine were studied. And found that biodiesel with 5%DEE gives better result than biodiesel. Biodiesel with added additives gives 5% higher brake thermal efficiency than diesel at full load condition, hydrocarbon emission less than 10%, carbon monoxide emission 40.35% less than B100, NOx is 0.7%, hydrocarbon 11.36% were lower than biodiesel. Thus, pongamia biodiesel with 5%diethyl ether can be used as one of the alternative source of energy for diesel.
Recently, synthesized Chevron graphene nanoribbons (CGNRs) and its laterally extended counterpart known as extended CGNRs (ECGNR) are constructed by making alternated regular cuts in pristine ...graphene nanoribbons (GNRs). First-principles calculations demonstrate that these GNRs are super-ductile and possess width-dependent mechanical properties. The Young's modulus is calculated to be 389.4 GPa and 414.6 GPa for CGNR and ECGNR, respectively. The bandgap of these nanoribbons decreases on the application of tensile strain. The carrier effective masses are found to be highly sensitive towards mechanical strains. The holes (electrons) mobility of ECGNR is calculated to be 7.68 × 104 cm2 V−1 s−1 (1.69 × 104 cm2 V−1 s−1), which is higher than that of CGNR can be further enhanced by elongation. The prominent peaks of the imaginary part of dielectric function and electron energy loss spectra show redshift on increasing the tensile strain. The electron energy loss spectra show intense plasmonic structure in low energy spectrum indicating GNRs to be more sensitive to the visible region than ultra violet spectrum. Our results provide insight about the possible applications of GNRs in the fields of high-speed transistors, sensors, photonics, and optoelectronics.
In this research, a new method to fabricate multi-material, multi-shape changing polymer composites is proposed. The method aims to reduce the number of thermomechanical programming steps involved in ...achieving shape change in a shape memory polymer (SMP) composite structure by including the programming steps directly into the printing process. After a single step of mechanical deformation and thermal loading, the SMP fibers can be activated sequentially to control the shape change. Composite strip samples were fabricated using a Stratasys Objet 260 multimaterial printer. Two polymer inks VeroPureWhite and Agilus30 were used as primary materials. The composite strip consists of fiber layers made of digital materials (DM) namely RGD8525 and FLX9895 which are embedded in an elastomer matrix material Agilus30. The glass transition temperature of the sample materials was measured using the DMA fixture of Anton Paar MCR 102 rheometer in film tension mode and the values for the matrix, fiber 1 and fiber 2 are 4°C, 52°C and 32°C respectively. Fiber 1 and fiber 2 materials have distinct Tg values enabling the possibility of multiple shape memory effect. Uniaxial tensile tests were performed using a universal tensile testing machine, ZwickRoell Z010 to understand the stress-strain behavior of the sample materials. At 25°C, fiber 1 exhibits elastoplastic behavior and as the temperature is increased to 60°C the behavior changes to linear elastic. The Young's modulus of the matrix material is considerably lower than the two fiber materials indicating that the fiber materials can induce shape change effect in the composite strip. The designed composite structure was able to display shape change in two different modes: bridge and cantilever. The shape change responses were achieved at 9 seconds and 7 seconds in the bridge and cantilever modes respectively which indicated that composite structures can be actuated sequentially. With the key advantages of multiple shape changes and an easy fabrication process, the direct 4D printing of shape memory polymer composite structures display vast potential in 4D printing applications including medical, automobile and aerospace applications.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
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