The intensity of surface spin wave excitations in inelastic electron scattering is measured as function of electron energy for fcc and hexagonal close packed (hcp) cobalt layers. Intensities are ...converted into scattering probabilities with the help of a recently established calibration of our spectrometer. The scattering probability as function of energy exhibits a peak around 7 and 3 eV for fcc and hcp cobalt, respectively, and decays to immeasurably small values at energies above 10 to 15 eV in stark contrast to theoretical predictions. By comparison to phonon scattering the peaks in the scattering probabilities at low energies are tentatively attributed to image potential induced resonances.
Para rubber (Hevea brasiliensis) trees are naturally adapted to the Amazonian tropical climate. In India rubber trees are traditionally cultivated in the warm humid tropics of the south. Northeast ...India is a non-traditional area for rubber cultivation. A major limiting factor on tree growth in the northeast region is stress due to low temperature. Being a deciduous tree, rubber trees exhibit annual natural defoliation prior to the winter season, and ensuing new leaf growth usually coincides with the low temperature period. Flushing behaviour of trees during this period provides an opportunity to assess their winter hardiness. A study was carried out on five clones, RRIM 600, SCATC 93/114, GT 1, PB 5/51 and Haiken 1, to evaluate phenological behaviour of leaf growth during the period of low temperature stress. Trees were monitored for expansion of leaf area, internode length, petiole length and development of chlorophyll. Wide variation was observed among these clones for all the traits. SCATC 93/114 was better adapted for low temperature stress as this clone was found to have faster expansion of leaf area and better chlorophyll development, followed by Haiken 1. PB 5/51 was found to show poor performance during low temperature. Haiken 1 and PB 5/51 also exhibited better relative growth rate during winter months confirming their low temperature tolerance. Ontogenetic variations in leaf development are good indicators of assessing inherent cold tolerance in Hevea clones. Keywords: Para rubber, Hevea brasiliensis, low temperature stress, growth rate. ---
•Wide adaptation in rubber clones requires intrinsic tolerance to stress factors.•Eastern India is diverse with several stress factors.•Niche testing identifies clones that are adapted to dry ...subhumid conditions of Eastern India.•Widely adapted clones are potential candidates for expansive rubber cultivation.•They have potential for multilateral clone exchange between rubber growing nations.
The twentieth century has witnessed a transformation of Para rubber (Hevea brasiliensis) from a wild tree species to a major plantation crop of South and Southeast Asia. In India, rubber cultivation was started in Southern India because of agro-climatic suitability, but pressure on land resources has necessitated further expansion to neighbouring areas. Earlier attempts to afforest isolated pockets of Central and Eastern India have met with limited success due to various factors. This paper reports a long-term evaluation (sixteen years) of niche adaptation of twelve rubber clones introduced to Eastern India. The growth and survival pattern indicated good adaptability for certain clones such as RRII 430 that recorded the highest girth and tappability. Early yield pattern identified RRII 429, RRII 430, and RRII 422 as higher yielders having 20–30% yield advantage over the control clone RRIM 600. The clones PB 217, RRIM 600, RRIC 100, and RRII 203 showed better stability and moderate yield rankings. There was individual clonal dominance for yield components such as dry rubber content (RRIC 100, RRII 417), bark thickness (RRII 203), and number of latex vessel rows (RRII 430, RRII 417). This is the first report on the performance of the latest Indian rubber clones of the RRII 400 series from the region. The clonal adaptability in this region that can be translated into commercial benefits included rising trend in latex yield and desirable secondary traits. Due to the uncertainty of stress occurrence in the non-traditional regions, planting of genetically variable clones (multiclones) in commercial plantings is important to impart adaptive plasticity. The results assume prominence in the context of expansive rubber cultivation and improving productivity in non-traditional areas and for international multilateral clone exchange aimed at improving global rubber productivity.
We have investigated the structural and magnetic properties of FeaN thin films, for a thickness range of 40a280 nm, grown on Si(100) substrates. The FeaN films exhibit a structural transformation ...from Im-Fe3N phase to I3a2-Fe4N phase with the increasing film thickness. The average grain size and saturation magnetization are found to increase with the increasing thickness. The smaller FeaN grains and large strain inhibit more the domain wall motion and, therefore, the films exhibit an increase in coercivity with the decreasing thickness. The influence of structural properties, such as crystallographic phase, crystallite size, and surface roughness on the magnetic properties of saturation magnetization and coercivity, is demonstrated as a function of the film thickness.
An interesting case of necrotizing fasciitis of the leg following emergency caesarian section in a known intravenous drug user. Postnatal day two she developed pain and swelling in the left leg. In ...view of her previous history, deep vein thrombosis (DVT) was the initial diagnosis. But, due to clinically worsening symptoms and no response to anticoagulation, further investigations were done which showed necrotizing fasciitis. Due to disease progression, a hip disarticulation was performed and the patient went on to full recovery.
Data classification is an essential step in trying to safeguard one of the chief properties of an organization -its information. Data classification engages categorizing information to predefined ...levels. For every level, organizations must allocate different levels of security controls and restrict the number of employees or persons who can access the information. Data classification would be difficult in large organizations with significant content to estimate and classify. With the assistance of a data classification approach, organizations can recognize and implement proper setting for private access control and also can obtain decision based on the obtained result from data classification. Machine learning techniques are one of the best classification approaches in the recent development. Many techniques are available under the machine learning approaches and the most important objective of machine learning research is to automatically learn to identify complex patterns and make intelligent decisions based on data. In this paper, data classification using many Machine Learning Techniques has been discussed. This paper focuses on better Machine Learning Techniques which supports data classification are available in the literature.
The adolescent age group is particularly prone to nutritional rickets/osteomalacia due to an increased demand for nutrients, especially calcium and vitamin D. Osteomalacia presents with non-specific ...signs and symptoms because of which diagnosis may be delayed. Vitamin D deficiency is unexpected in India, which is a tropical country with abundant sunshine.
We prospectively studied the clinical presentation, aetiology and social factors contributing to adolescent rickets/ osteomalacia in our region.
We saw 21 symptomatic adolescents with osteomalacia during the study period (November 2000-July 2002). All were girls. Only 1 practised purda and 4 belonged to a low socioeconomic class. The mean (SD) duration of illness before correct diagnosis was 2.8 (2.1) years. Bone pains and muscular weakness were universally present. Non-specific complaints (especially limb pains being mistaken for joint involvement) led to a delay in diagnosis with consequent morbidity. All but 1 patient had low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels (<10 ng/ml), with the mean (SD) being 4.9 (2.7) ng/ml. Their mean dietary calcium intake was low 1265 (199) mg/day, range 40-810 mg/day. Restricted outdoor activities (n = 19) and the traditional dress code (n = 21) were contributory factors, as they led to poor exposure to sunshine.
Nutritional osteomalacia among adolescents is a poorly recognized entity. Even in non-purda practising communities in the tropics, poor exposure to sunshine due to social factors, compounded by low dietary calcium intake, can lead to osteomalacia in adolescents.
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