Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a disorder which blocks the upper airway during sleep. The severity of OSA will lead heart attack, stroke and end of life. This proposed study explored the ...classification of OSA and healthy subjects using brain connectivity analysis from electroencephalogram (EEG) signals. Institute of System and Robotics-University of Coimbra (ISRUC) database were used for acquiring 50 EEG signals using 4 channels and noise removal has been accomplished by 50 Hz notch filter. The Institute of System and Robotics-University of Coimbra (ISRUC) database contained 50 EEG signals, with four channels, and a 50 Hz notch filter was applied to remove noise. Wavelet packet decomposition method was performing the segregation of EEG signals into five bands; Gamma (γ), beta (β), alpha (α), theta (θ) and delta (δ). A total of 4 electrode positions were used for the brain connectivity analysis for each EEG band. Pearson correlation method was effectively used for measuring the correlation between healthy and OSA subjects. The nodes and edges were highlighted the connection between brain and subjects. The highest correlation was achieved in delta band of OSA subjects which starts from 0.7331 to 0.9172 respectively. For healthy subjects, the positive correlation achieved was 0.6995. The delta band has been correlated well with brain when compared other bands. It has been noted that the positive correlation well associated with brain in OSA subjects, which classifies OSA from healthy subjects.
The performance of batter pile groups in laterally spreading ground has rarely been investigated. The present study evaluates the performance of 2 × 1 batter pile groups with four different ...configurations subjected to lateral spreading displacement through three-dimensional, fully coupled numerical investigations. Pressure dependent multi-yield model for the soil medium complemented with variation in permeability of liquefiable soil for excess pore pressure generation is considered. The nonlinear behaviour of the reinforced concrete pile is also incorporated. The behaviour of batter pile groups is evaluated for various earthquake time histories. The study indicates that the bending moment developed in the pile sections of both upstream and downstream sides of the ground displacement is observed to reduce under combined (kinematic + inertial) loading conditions for batter pile group configurations considered. However, shear and axial forces show increasing trends for batter pile groups, especially with higher batter angles for both kinematic and combined loading conditions. It is also observed that the presence of batter piles reduces both pile cap and superstructure displacements. However, significant pile cap rotations are recorded for pile groups with higher batter angles. The performances of the pile groups are confirmed for earthquake motions with a wide range of peak ground accelerations.
•Seismic behaviour of batter pile groups in lateral spreading ground.•Separate evaluation of performances of upstream and downstream piles.•Performance of pile groups considering (kinematic + inertial) and kinematic loading.•Comparative performance of batter pile groups with vertical pile group.
We demonstrate that light-induced heat pulses of different duration and energy can write Skyrmions in a broad range of temperatures and magnetic field in FeGe. Using a combination of camera-rate and ...pump-probe cryo-Lorentz transmission electron microscopy, we directly resolve the spatiotemporal evolution of the magnetization ensuing optical excitation. The Skyrmion lattice was found to maintain its structural properties during the laser-induced demagnetization, and its recovery to the initial state happened in the sub-μs to μs range, depending on the cooling rate of the system.
Abstract
During the transient phase of liquefaction, i.e., from the onset of liquefaction to the stage of full liquefaction of soil, intrinsic properties of a soil–pile–structure system change ...causing a significant modification of the transient forces experienced by the pile foundation. However, adequate estimation of transient forces of pile foundation in liquefiable soils for different strong ground motions is not well established. Three-dimensional fully coupled dynamic analyses have been carried out using software OpenSees for piles embedded in single and two-layer soil profiles. Variable permeability of saturated sand has been implemented for higher accuracy in the simulation of cyclic behavior of sand during liquefaction. It was observed that maximum forces in the pile section occur in the transient phase with excess pore pressure ratio in the range of 0.50–0.75 for uniform soil and 0.60–0.90 for layered soil profiles for earthquake motions considered. This study presents the maximum transient forces expected in the pile section in nondimensional forms for a wide range of strong motion parameters, for example, predominant frequency, peak ground acceleration, bracketed duration, and Arias intensity.
Abstract
The present study investigates the performance of single fixed-head vertical and batter piles (10° and 20° batter angles) subjected to lateral spreading displacements adopting an integrated ...approach of multigene genetic programming (MGGP) with design of experiments. Three-dimensional fully coupled numerical analyses are carried out using the pressure dependent multiyield (PDMY02) material model considering variation in permeability of liquefiable soil. The parameters influencing the response of pile foundation (maximum bending moment and pile head displacement) are initially screened using the fractional factorial design approach. Central composite design (CCD) is then adopted to generate the design matrices for conducting detailed numerical analyses. Using the output, prediction models are developed for responses of vertical piles and batter piles (both positive and negative) in laterally spreading soil using MGGP. Further, parametric analyses are conducted to study the influence of various parameters on pile response in laterally spreading soil conditions. Finally, the performances of vertical and batter piles are compared by estimating the reliability index using the Monte Carlo technique.
A comparative study of the seismic performance of 2×1 pile groups considering different degrees of batter (0° for vertical, 10° and 20°) embedded in single homogeneous liquefiable sand through fully ...coupled three-dimensional dynamic analyses is presented. The effects of inertial interaction are considered with structures having two different periods. The performance of pile groups is investigated for the fixed and pinned pile to cap connections for both floating and end bearing types of pile groups. Slenderness ratios of piles were also varied to enable a comprehensive understanding. Investigations have been carried out for three earthquake motions having varied dominant frequencies. It is observed that batter pile groups in liquefiable soils provide beneficial effects on piles and superstructure responses for both fixed and pinned head pile to cap connections for long period structures. However, for short period structures, a beneficial effect is most evident for fixed head connection.
Summary
Fifth generation cellular networks have high data rates and connectivity demands. The relaying approaches are widely used in cellular networks to improve coverage, user throughput, and ...capacity at low cost. The increasing data requirements of the mobile network increase energy consumption. Energy efficiency‐based approaches also impact network coverage and throughput. Therefore, developing an energy‐efficient network with optimal coverage and throughput is considered a challenging issue. It can be resolved with optimal deployment of Base Station (BS), Relay Station (RS), and minimizing power consumption. In this research, a joint clustering‐based deployment technique is proposed for BS–RS deployment by considering the network throughput and coverage ratio. After enabling optimal BS–RS deployment, the network traffic is estimated with an On‐demand real‐time traffic estimation framework (ODTE). It estimates user association values using Beacon frames. In addition, the Relay Assisted Base station Power Scheduling (RABPS) approach to minimize power consumption is included. Based on Erlang's probability, the RABPS algorithm is enhanced with sleep mode activation during off‐peak hours. The proposed 5G network ensures uninterrupted connectivity and energy efficiency with varying time slots of power scheduling. The throughput performance of the clustering‐based approach is increased with a coverage ratio of 88%. The simulation results show the superiority of the proposed 5G BS–RS deployment and power scheduling in terms of throughput, coverage ratio, and power consumption.
Horizontal convective rolls (HCR) are sub-mesoscale motions that influence the transport of heat, momentum, and pollutants within the boundary layer. In this work, a high-resolution (0.666 km) ...Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model is employed to simulate the structure of the HCRs over Kalpakkam along the southeast coast of India. The sensitivity of HCR simulation to model land surface physics is studied with two land surface models (LSM), (i) Noah and (ii) Noah multi-parameterization (NMP), for three selected days (15 April 2013, 07 May 2015, 28 March 2018) during summer synoptic conditions. On all three selected days, the boundary layer rolls formed over a period of about 2–3 h in the morning under moderate winds (4–5.0 m/s), moderate vertical wind shear (2.4–3.5 m/s) in the lower atmosphere, and slightly unstable conditions gradient Richardson number (Ri
G
) −4.5 to −5.0 in both simulations and observations, indicating that thermal instability is the chief mechanism in their development. Simulated mean surface meteorological parameters by NMP were found to be in better agreement with observations than Noah. Results suggest that the LSMs mainly affected the simulated turbulent roll structure in terms of updraft cores and their horizontal and vertical extent by variation in simulated surface energy fluxes, boundary layer structure, wind shear, and stability. The structure of simulated HCRs is better represented by NMP due to the improvements in the flux distribution and surface properties. Simulations using the FLEXPART dispersion model for a hypothetical case of tracer release indicated an uneven spatial concentration pattern due to upward and downward motions in the region of HCRs. The stronger winds and stronger flow convergence in Noah and higher heat flux and more unstable conditions in NMP led to differences in the simulated tracer concentrations in the two cases.
In this work, fully automated software design is developed for TB recognition system which includes deformable gradient based active contour level set model for isolating the lung region from input ...chest x-ray images. In general, segmenting the lung region from CXR images computationally intensive task due its complex analyzes, dynamic morphological variations among different classes and boundary discontinuities etc. In particular, as compared to all other abnormality analyzes in CXR images TB detection required most appropriate ROI segmentation irrespective among image non linearity’s. The proposed method considers ACM modeling by eliminating discontinuous boundary conditions. Here in this work gradient information at the lung boundaries active contour model is derived. This reduces the computational cost and increases accuracy as a consequence of selecting optimized global threshold limit and gradient features in all possible ways. This framework also includes unified texture classification model to enrich the texture content from the ROI segmented lungs regions from CXR imaging. To meet this requirement, orientation driven texture classification is done which retain texture information’s from all the possible coordinate angles to accomplish comprehensive texture retention. More generally, the intrinsic relationship between texture classification and feature set modeling has been explicitly analyzed and presented. Moreover, state-of-the-art feature extraction and selection (CBH-FS) has been introduced and embedded into the framework to form a complete, automated Tuberculosis detection system. The whole system was successfully evaluated by several benchmark datasets and it was shown that the algorithms mentioned earlier efficiently detect TB affected lung images. Finally supervised support vector machine (SVM) based Artificial Intelligence (AI) learning model is used to validate the false detection rate of fully automated TB classification CAD software system.
In many developing countries, meeting the energy demand has become a major challenge. Such problem is more prominent in rural and remote areas of the country. The load requirements in these areas are ...less and the same can be addressed with renewable energy sources. The proposed work deals with a MPPT based standalone PV system using a priority controller. The system can be used to meet out the critical load demands in rural areas. Due to change in weather conditions, an unregulated output in PV array is observed. Hence, maximum power is tracked using a DC-DC converter, where the tracked data is with respect to temperature and irradiance levels. To acquire the maximum power point (MPP), an incremental conductance (IC) algorithm is employed and it is executed by controlling the duty cycle of DC-DC boost convertor. Thus, the attainment of energy management in loads and battery storage is supported by priority load control algorithm. The proposed system assures better energy management and supplies energy for critical loads. The entire system has been simulated and validated using MATLAB/SIMULINK.
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