Abstract
We demonstrate that four-spin interactions in crystals with D
3h
point group of symmetry can cause a phase transition from a collinear state to a non-collinear magnetic ground state (such as ...magnetic vortices or magnetic skyrmions), while all anti-symmetric chiral terms are forbidden by symmetry in such crystals. Moreover, D
3h
point group rather common among two dimensional magnets. Taking into account possible four-spin chiral exchange interactions is important for understanding noncollinear magnetic order in these systems. We also address a possible stabilization of bimerons by the same contribution.
Acetylcholinesterase activity was quantitatively evaluated by cytochemical method in brain structures (layers III and V of the sensorimotor cortex, caudate nucleus, nucleus accumbens, hippocampus CA3 ...field) of August and Wistar rats demonstrating high and low motor activity in the open fi eld test. In August rats, acetylcholinesterase activity in the analyzed brain structures prevailed in animals with high motor activity in comparison with rats with low motor activity. In Wistar rats, the differences between the animals demonstrating high and low motor activity were less pronounced, but varied depending on the experimental series of studies. Comparisons of August rats with low motor activity and Wistar rats with high motor activity (maximum difference of motor function in these animals) revealed significant excess of acetylcholinesterase activity in layer III of the sensorimotor cortex in August rats and no differences in other brain structures of the examined animals.
•Microgliosis in chronic schizophrenia is associated with age, age at onset and duration of disease.•Microglial dystrophy progress in the course of schizophrenia.•Microglial abnormalities ...schizophrenia are associated with accelerated aging of microglia.
Microglial activation has been proposed to contribute to the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. The present study addressed the questions of whether microglial reactivity is involved in the course of schizophrenia and is associated with aging. Transmission electron microscopy and morphometry were applied to estimate microglial density and ultrastructural parameters in layer 5 of the prefrontal cortex (BA10) in postmortem 21 chronic schizophrenia and 20 healthy control cases. A significant increase in microglial density was found in the schizophrenia group (+20 %), in young group (≤50 y.o.), in shorter duration of disease (≤26 yrs.) group, in early age at onset of disease (≤ 21 y.o.) group as compared to controls (p < 0.05) and in young schizophrenia group as compared to both young and elderly (>50 y.o.) controls (p < 0.05). Volume fraction (Vv) of mitochondria was significantly lower and area of lipofuscin granules was significantly higher in young and elderly schizophrenia groups as compared to young and elderly controls. Vv of lipofuscin granules strongly positively correlated with age and duration of disease in the schizophrenia group. Vv and the number (N) of lipofuscin granules were higher in longer duration (>26 yrs.) group as compared to shorter duration group (p < 0.01). Vv and N of vacuoles were increased in longer duration group as compared to controls (p < 0.01). The study provides evidence for microgliosis associated with age, duration of disease and age at onset of disease, progressive dystrophy and accelerated aging of microglia in gray matter of the prefrontal cortex in schizophrenia.
Possible otoprotective properties of cocarboxylase were studied on the model of amikacin-induced ototoxicity in immature rabbits. Auditory function was evaluated by the short-latency auditory ...brainstem response (ABR) and distortion product otoacoustic emission (DPOAE) tests. Administration of cocarboxylase after modeling of amikacin-induced ototoxicity resulted in a decrease in the ABR peak I threshold and prevented damage to the outer hair cells.
(Gd
x
Y
1–
x
)
2
O
3
:Eu
3+
(11–14 at % Eu) phosphor films ≤150 nm in thickness have been grown by Ln(dpm)
3
chemical vapor deposition on Si(100) substrates, and the chemical and phase compositions ...of the films have been determined. We have studied photoluminescence spectra of the films and the exact distribution of the Eu
3+
activator ions over the cation sites of the solid solutions.
Complexes ZnLCl
2
(
I
) and CdLCl
2
n
(
IV
), where L is chiral bis-pyridine containing fragments of natural monoterpenoide (–)-α-pinene are synthesized. Single crystals of ZnLCl
2
·CH
2
Cl
2
(
II
...), ZnLCl
2
·
i
-PrOH (
III
), and
IV
compounds are grown. The crystal structures of
II
and
III
are composed of mononuclear ZnLCl
2
complex molecules and solvate CH
2
Cl
2
and
i
-PrOH molecules; the coordination polyhedron of the zinc atom Cl
2
N
2
is a distorted tetrahedron. According to the single crystal XRD data, complex
IV
is a 1D coordination polymer; the coordination core CdN
2
Cl
4
is a distorted octahedron and Cl atoms are bridging ligands. In the structures of
II
,
III
, and
IV
the L molecule functions as a bidentate chelate ligand. In the solid phase, complexes
I
and
IV
exhibit photoluminescence in the visible range (λ
max
505 nm and 460 nm respectively). The band intensity in the photoluminescence spectra of
I
and
IV
complexes considerably exceeds the band intensity in the spectrum of free L.
To study the ultrastructure of microglia adjacent to oligodendrocytes in white matter of the prefrontal cortex in continuous schizophrenia (CSch) as compared to controls and attack-like schizophrenia ...(ASch) and to perform correlation analysis between the parameters of microglia and adjacent oligodendrocytes previously detected in both clinical types of schizophrenia.
Electron microscopic morphometric study of microglia adjacent to oligodendrocytes was performed in postmortem white matter of the prefrontal cortex (BA10) in 9 cases of CSch, 8 cases of ASch and 20 healthy controls. Group comparisons were made by ANCOVA and Pearson correlation analyses.
The reduction of volume fraction (Vv) and the number of mitochondria in microglia was found in elderly subjects (>50 y.o.) as compared to young controls (60%,
0.05), and the increase in these parameters of lipofuscin granules were detected in elderly subjects as compared to elderly controls in CSch (470%, 606%,
0.001). Vv and the number of mitochondria in microglia correlated negatively with area of heterochromatin in microglia (
≥-0.7,
0.05), and area of lipofuscin correlated positively with area of heterochromatin in microglia (
0.76,
0.05) and with illness duration (
0.7,
0.05) only in the CSch group. The numerical density of microglia was not changed in both schizophrenia groups. Area of heterochromatin was increased in both groups as compared to controls (
0.05) and correlated negatively with the numerical density of microglia in the CSch group. The number of mitochondria in oligodendrocytes (reduced in CSch) correlated positively with the number of mitochondria in microglia and negatively with Vv of lipofuscin granules in microglia and with area of microglial nucleus only in the CSch group.
Specific features of CSch as compared to ASch might be associated with the disturbances of mitochondrial and lipid metabolism in microglia, dysfunction of nucleus and accelerated aging of microglia that might lead to alterations of mitochondrial metabolism in oligodendrocytes.
Previously the authors have reported the ultrastructural pathology and deficits of oligodendrocytes in gray and white matter of the prefrontal cortex in continuous paranoid schizophrenia. The aim of ...the present work was to study the effects of microglia on the ultrastructure of oligodendrocytes in white matter underlying the prefrontal cortex (BA10) in attack-like schizophrenia.
Postmortem morphometric electron microscopic study of oligodendrocytes in close apposition to microglia was performed in white matter underlying the prefrontal cortex (BA10). Nine cases of chronic attack-like schizophrenia and 20 normal controls were studied. Areas of oligodendrocytes, volume density (Vv) and the number of mitochondria, vacuoles of endoplasmic reticulum and lipofuscin granules were estimated. Group comparison was performed using ANCOVA.
The schizophrenia group differed from the control group by paucity of ribosomes in cytoplasm of oligodendrocytes, cytoplasm swelling, a significant increase in Vv and number of vacuoles and lipofuscin granules. Significant correlations between the parameters of vacuoles and lipofuscin granules and mitochondria were found only in the schizophrenia group.
Dystrophic alterations of oligodendrocytes apposed microglial cells were found in the white matter of the prefrontal cortex in chronic schizophrenia as compared to controls. Microglia might contribute to abnormalities of lipid and protein metabolism of oligodendrocytes.
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