Tengkawang butter is an indigenous and traditional butter from Borneo that can be a lipid source for pharmaceutical and food applications. Studies found that Tengkawang butter is a cheaper cocoa ...butter substitution without compromising its quality. However, the current storage method is still very traditional, resulting in faster deterioration of Tengkawang butter. This study aims to calculate and evaluate the storage kinetics model with the Arrhenius model and the tengkawang butter oxidation stability index analysis. Storage conditions were carried out at temperatures of −5, 5, 24, and 60 °C to predict the tengkawang butter storage kinetics model. The addition of antioxidants such as ascorbic acid, tocopherol, and lignin to tengkawang butter help increase the oxidation stability index. The kinetics of the tengkawang butter acidity and peroxide models followed a zero-order reaction with activation energy values of 11.139 kJ mol−1 and 12.320 kJ mol−1, respectively. The prediction model for acidity is Acidity = 4.417–7.903t exp (−11,139/RT), and the model for peroxide is peroxide = 2.155–10.998t exp (−12,320/RT). The oxidation stability index values at 22 °C and the rate of oxidation when the temperature rises by ten degrees (Q10) of tengkawang butter, tengkawang butter with ascorbic acid, tengkawang butter with tocopherol, and tengkawang butter with lignin were 66,896 and 2.815; 224,680 and 1.993; 106,120 and 2.725; 81,658 and 2.961, respectively. The kinetic and oxidation stability index model data can be used as a reference for storage and preserving products made from tengkawang butter.
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This study identified the quality, physicochemical properties, and oxidation stability of tengkawang butter (TB) from indigenous plants in various areas of Kalimantan, Indonesia. The fatty acid ...profile was dominated by palmitic acid, stearic acid, and oleic acid. Acidity ranged from 6.88 to 15.94%, while the peroxide number was 0.41 and 8.27 meq O
2
/kg. TB had a melting point of 36-37°C. The solid fat content (SFC) varied from 0.03 to 3%. The Oxidation Stability Index (OSI
22
) was more than 10,000 h. The composition and properties show the potential of TB to become a cocoa butter equivalent (CBE).
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Abstract
Oil Palm Empty Brunches (OPEB) as lignocellulose can be hydrolyzed into various chemical compounds with high selling value, such as furfural. Furfural purification by liquid-liquid ...extraction (LLE) produced higher furfural yield compared to other methods. The solvent must have a high solute capability to achieve the LLE process with the highest furfural yield. Toluene was chosen as a solvent because it shows high solubility in furfural extraction. The purpose of this research is to determine the optimum operating conditions for furfural LLE with toluene from the OPEB hydrolysate model. The variable in this research is stirring time (30, 60, 90 minutes), extraction stage (1x, 2x, 3x), and extraction temperature (25, 45, 65°C). Analysis of furfural content in the organic phase was carried out using HPLC. The Response Surface Methodology (RSM) determined the optimum furfural LLE condition in the Design-Expert software using the Box-Behnken model. This research can be used as a reference for obtaining the best furfural yield from OPEB hydrolysate using the LLE method with toluene.
The phenol-based antioxidants as free radical scavengers are expected to continue increasing as additives in industries. As an antioxidant, lignin has low oxidative stability in pure solid form, so ...stabilization is needed to produce lignin-based antioxidants. This research focuses on the valorization of alkaline lignin by hydrogenolysis using a Pt/C catalyst and formic acid as a hydrogen donor. Three treatment variables, namely the amount of formic acid (FA), the amount of ethanol (EtOH), and radiation time (T), were observed for their contribution to the three responses, namely the total phenol content (TPC), the degree of depolymerization (DD), and the IC50 value of DPPH as an antioxidants activity. This study found that the best results were obtained at operating conditions FA, EtOH, and T 5 mL, 100 mL, 3 min in sequence, producing TPC, DD, and IC50 worth 4792,055 mg/ L, 23.650%, and 35.860 mg/L, respectively. The results were optimized using the response surface methodology with the Design Expert 11 program with the optimized result being FA, EtOH, and T 10 mL, 100 mL, 3 min consecutively and resulted in TPC, DD, and IC50 of 4987.12 mg/L, 26.451%, and 33.865 mg/L, respectively. The results of this study indicate that OPFEB is a source of lignin that has the potential to produce phenolic compounds, which are sources of renewable fine chemicals based on biomass.
Abstract
Furfural is the main Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch (OPEFB) hydrolysis product. It can achieve high purity from hydrolysate distillation. Its equipment design can be done by utilizing ...vapor-liquid equilibrium (VLE) data to achieve high furfural purity. The purpose of this research is to develop a Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium (VLE) curve for furfural purification from Oil Palm Empty Bunch hydrolysate solution with the Universal Quasi Chemical (UNIQUAC) model. Distillation data is obtained from literature and examined on the Universal Quasi Chemical (UNIQUAC) model. Calculations for average deviation and R
2
are also made to show the accuracy of the model quantitatively. The modeled VLE curve indicates that the UNIQUAC model and the literature distillation pattern are not ideal, and the UNIQUAC curve pattern closely follows the literature pattern. The average deviation and R
2
values for this UNIQUAC model are 0.0954 and 0.297, respectively. These values are still acceptable and show that UNIQUAC can be used as useful model distillation data of furfural and water as the representatives of an OPEFB hydrolysate solution.
Tengkawang fat (Shorea stenoptera), from an indigenous plant of the Kalimantan forest, has excellent potential as an alternative source of vegetable fat because it has a high level of fatty acids ...composition. Activated natural bentonite can be used as a bleaching agent to improve the quality of tengkawang fat. This research aims to reduce the acidity, peroxide number values and identify the physicochemical properties (fatty acid composition, nutrients, and thermal) of tengkawang butter. Initially, tengkawang samples from Nanga Yen and Sintang were pre-treated using the degumming process with 1% phosphoric acid and the neutralization process with a 1 M NaOH 10% w/w solution. The results show that the acidity (mg NaOH/g) of the tengkawang fat samples was reduced from 11.00 to 3.36 when using bentonite activated at 200 °C. The bentonite activated with 0.5 M HCl reduced the acidity to 3.61. The peroxide number (meq O2/kg) of the tengkawang fat samples was reduced from 9.45 to 4.84 and 3.47 by bleaching with thermal-activated and acid-activated bentonites, respectively. Peroxide value correlates with β-carotene content. The smaller of the β-carotene content, the smaller the peroxide value. The acidity, peroxide number, and iodine number values from tengkawang fat after treatment adhere to the SNI 2903: 2016 standard. The main content of fatty acids in tengkawang fat is palmitic acid, stearic acid, and oleic acid. These results show that both products are suitable for the food industry in terms of the acid and peroxide numbers. The application of this research results will assist local people in increasing the economic value of the product from tengkawang plant, which is an indigenous plant from Kalimantan.
Agricultural engineering; Analytical chemistry; Chemical engineering; Natural product; Natural product chemistry; Acidity; Bleaching; Fatty acid; Peroxide number; Tengkawang butter.
Oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) is a potential raw material abundantly available for bioethanol production. However, the second-generation bioethanol is still not yet economically feasible. The ...COVID-19 pandemic increases the demand for ethanol as the primary ingredient of hand sanitisers. This study evaluates the techno-economic feasibility of hand sanitiser production using OPEFB-based bioethanol. OPEFB was alkaline-pretreated, and simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) was then performed by adding Saccharomyces cerevisiae and cellulose enzyme. The cellulose content of the OPEFB increased from 39.30% to 63.97% after pretreatment. The kinetic parameters of the OPEFB SSF at 35 °C, which included a µ max, ks, and kd of 0.018 h−1, 0.025 g/dm3, and 0.213 h−1, respectively, were used as input in SuperPro Designer® v9.0. The total capital investment (TCI) and annual operating costs (AOC) of the plant were $645,000 and $305,000, respectively, at the capacity of 2000 kg OPEFB per batch. The batch time of the modelled plant was 219 h, with a total annual production of 32,506.16 kg hand sanitiser. The minimum hand sanitiser selling price was found to be $10/L, achieving a positive net present value (NPV) of $108,000, showing that the plant is economically feasible.
Biosurfactants are one of the microbial bioproducts that are in most demand from microbial-enhanced oil recovery (MEOR). The production of biosurfactant is still a relatively high cost. Therefore, ...this study aims to reduce production costs by utilizing palm oil mill effluent (POME) as the main carbon source. This work examines the optimal conditions of biosurfactant production by Halomonas meridiana BK-AB4 isolated from the Bledug Kuwu mud volcano in Central Java Indonesia and studies it for EOR applications. The biosurfactant production stage was optimized by varying POME concentration, incubation time, NaCl concentration, and pH to obtain the maximum oil displacement area (ODA) values. A response surface methodology (RSM) and a central composite design (CCD) were used to identify the influence of each variable and to trace the relationship between variables. Optimum biosurfactant production was found at a POME concentration (v/v) of 16%, incubation (h) of 112, NaCl concentration (w/v) of 4.7%, pH of 6.5, with an oil displacement area of 3.642 cm. The LC-MS and FTIR analysis revealed the functional groups of carboxylic acid or esters, which indicated that the biosurfactant produced belonged to the fatty acid class. The lowest IFT value was obtained at the second and seventh-day observations at a concentration of 500 mg/L, i.e., 0.03 mN/m and 0.06 mN/m. The critical micelle concentration (CMC) of biosurfactant was about 350 mg/L with a surface tension value of about 54.16 mN/m. The highest emulsification activity (E24 = 76%) in light crude oil (naphthenic–naphthenic) and could reduce the interfacial tension between oil and water up to 0.18 mN/m. The imbibition experiment with biosurfactant results in 23.89% additional oil recovery for 60 h of observation, with the highest increase in oil recovery occurring at the 18th hour, which is 2.72%. Therefore, this bacterium and its biosurfactant show potential, and the bacterium are suitable for use in MEOR applications.
Tobacco leaf contains antibacterial secondary metabolite compounds, such as phenol, alkaloids, and essential oils. This study compares the potential antibacterial effects of Indonesian tobacco leaf ...extracted using the heat reflux method (producing an extract) and pyrolysis method (providing a bio-oil). The tobacco leaf extract was challenged against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853. The bio-oil from the pyrolysis method showed inhibitory Kirby Bauer zones higher than those of the extract from heat reflux method, with the maximum results in the pyrolysis method indicating zones of 6.35 mm (S. aureus), 5.90 mm (E. faecalis), 3.97 mm (E. coli), and 5.025 mm (P. aeruginosa). Further study analyzed the effectiveness of the disc and well diffusion antibacterial test methods for measuring the antibacterial effect of bio-oils against Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853. The bio-oil used in the well diffusion test method showed the most significant antibacterial effectiveness. It showed the biggest inhibition zone, with a maximum of 11.65 mm and 8.90 mm for E. coli and P. aeruginosa. Our results showed Nicotiana tabacum var. Virginia Bio Oil from Ponorogo (Indonesia) is a strong potential antimicrobial, especially using well diffusion test.
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