Between 800 and 900 a new convention entered musical practice: by the end of the century the recording of musical sound using newly-invented music scripts had become standard, the meanings of those ...scripts familiar to many. In the history of European music this was a momentous transformation, offering new possibilities of organization and control. But the change was not accomplished quickly, nor were singers who read from books without musical notations entirely without written guidance. In Sounding the Word of God, those ways in which Carolingian scribes made instructions for readers and singers visible through script, and consequent changes in the material culture represented by books, are explored. From books of the late eighth and early ninth centuries in which chant was codified in a manner that relied heavily on unwritten knowledge, Rankin traces a path to books that attempted to record aspects of the delivery of ecclesiastical chant more thoroughly.
Musical notation has not always existed: in the West, musical traditions have often depended on transmission from mouth to ear, and ear to mouth. Although the Ancient Greeks had a form of musical ...notation, it was not passed on to the medieval Latin West. This comprehensive study investigates the breadth of use of musical notation in Carolingian Europe, including many examples previously unknown in studies of notation, to deliver a crucial foundational model for the understanding of later Western notations. An overview of the study of neumatic notations from the French monastic scholar Dom Jean Mabillon (1632–1707) up to the present day precedes an examination of the function and potential of writing in support of a musical practice which continued to depend on trained memory. Later chapters examine passages of notation to reveal those ways in which scripts were shaped by contemporary rationalizations of musical sound. Finally, the new scripts are situated in the cultural and social contexts in which they emerged.
Sexual- and gender-minority (e.g., lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender) undergraduate students are at greater risk for sexual assault victimization than their cisgender (i.e., nontransgender) ...heterosexual peers. However, few studies have examined how social environments affect sexual assault victimization among sexual- and gender-minority undergraduate students. Nevertheless, this research area was identified as a priority by the Institute of Medicine as well as President Barack Obama’s White House Task Force to Protect Students From Sexual Assault. Therefore, we tested the association between college campuses’ inclusion of sexual- and gender-minority people and experiences of sexual assault victimization. Cross-sectional surveys were completed by sexual- and gender-minority undergraduate students (N = 1,925) from higher education institutions in all 50 U.S. states in 2010. Our dependent variable was experiencing sexual assault victimization at college. Our primary independent variable was campus climate, measured with items assessing perceived inclusion of sexual- and gender-minority people and witnessing sexual- or gender-minority harassment. We used multivariable logistic regression with generalized estimating equations (accounting for the clustering of students within schools) to estimate the association between campus climate and experiencing sexual assault victimization. Overall, 5.2% of the sample reported ever being victims of sexual assault at college. Controlling for sexual orientation, gender identity, race/ethnicity, and year in school, greater perceived inclusion of sexual- and gender-minority people on campus was associated with significantly lower odds of experiencing sexual assault victimization. Our study suggests that improving campus climate for sexual- and gender-minority individuals may reduce their prevalence of college sexual assault, which has potential implications for college practitioners and administrators as well as sexual assault prevention programs and policies.
Carbon fiber composite's high specific strength makes it incredibly useful for structural applications. However, their low strain-to-failure can be problematic in structural applications that can ...potentially see high strain conditions or high fatigue cycles resulting in sudden, catastrophic failure. This is further complicated by damage manifesting within the composite thus not showing damage indicators on the surface. Therefore, monitoring the structural integrity and strain history of the composite in application by itself―while maintaining positive composite performance―is vital to ensure safe operation. Here, a homogeneous dispersion of TiO2 nanoparticles on carbon fiber is demonstrated to generate a piezoresistive carbon fiber polymer matrix composite with enhanced self-sensing capabilities. The nanoparticle-embedded composites also exhibited superior strength and damping potential compared to the nanoparticle-free composites. The apparent interlaminar shear strength increased by up to 15% and the damping loss factor increased by an average of 150% while the piezoresistive sensitivity increased by up to 180% with the addition of a small weight fraction of nanoparticles to the fiber surface. These results demonstrate an approach to simultaneously improve the sensing capabilities, damping behavior and mechanical strength of carbon fiber composites by simply adding nanoparticles in the fiber sizing using a commercially scalable deposition method.
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Prior scholarship offers that queer-spectrum and trans-spectrum faculty often experience hostile and uninviting institutional climates (Bilimoria & Stewart, 2009; Rankin, 2003; Sears, 2002). The ...results of a 2010 study (Rankin, Weber, Blumenfeld, & Frazer, 2010) suggest that these experiences may lead lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) faculty to leave their institutions. In this secondary analysis of the data from the 2010 study, we examine the influence of campus climate and institutional urbanization on intent to leave among queer/trans-spectrum faculty. The findings suggest that a significant relationship exists between faculty members' desire to leave and campus climate. The results also offer that queer/trans-spectrum faculty at institutions in town/rural environments are more likely to seriously consider leaving their institutions.
This study utilized MANOVA and hierarchical multiple regression to examine the relationships between campus experiences and coming-out decisions among trans- and queer-spectrum undergraduates. ...Findings revealed higher levels of outness/disclosure for cisgender LGBQ women, and more negative perceptions of campus climate, classroom climate, and curriculum inclusivity and higher use of campus resources for trans-spectrum students. Results also revealed that higher levels of outness significantly related to poorer perceptions of campus responses and campus resources. Implications address the need to foster an encouraging and supportive campus and classroom climate and to improve the relationships with LGBTQ resource centers for trans- and queer-spectrum students.
Using a campus climate assessment instrument developed by Rankin (1998), we surveyed students (n = 7,347) from 10 campuses to explore whether students from different racial groups experienced their ...campus climates differently. Students of color experienced harassment at higher rates than Caucasian students, although female White students reported higher incidence of gender harassment. Further, students of color perceived the climate as more racist and less accepting than did White students, even though White students recognized racial harassment at similar rates as students of color. Implications are offered for understanding campus climates, providing appropriate interventions, and overcoming White privilege and resistance.
Research examining risk and resilience among transgender individuals suggests that connection to a transgender community may be protective. Utilizing archival survey data of 3,087 adult transgender ...participants collected in 2005-06, this study further evaluated how awareness and engagement with other transgender people influences risk and resilience during early gender identity development. As hypothesized, among male-to-female and female-to-male respondents, both prior awareness and prior engagement with other transgender people were independently related to less fearfulness, less suicidality, and more comfort. These relationships were not significant among male-to-different-gender or female-to-different-gender participants. Implications of these findings are discussed.
Background
Over 6000 people are on the United Kingdom organ transplant waiting list, and approximately three people die each day due to a lack of donors. Social deprivation status has been shown to ...affect registration. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of school level education at increasing awareness of the issues surrounding organ donation and organ donor registration, and the effect of socioeconomic deprivation and age has on these outcomes.
Methods
A 15‐minute presentation about organ donation and the issues in transplantation was given to secondary school students from the United Kingdom. An optional questionnaire was then distributed.
Results
1155 paper questionnaires were completed from nine schools. The average age was 15.5 (SD = 0.5) years. Before the presentation, 10% of students were on the ODR. Following the presentation, the number of students who were on the ODR or planned to join significantly increased to 56%, independent of age (P < 0.0001). Similarly, there was a significant increase in Likert scores for awareness of the issues in transplantation, independent of age (P < 0.0001).
Conclusions
This early educational presentation significantly increased awareness of the issues in transplantation and planned organ donor registration, independent of age and deprivation.
Using data from the 2010 State of Higher Education for LGBT People (Rankin, Weber, Blumenfeld, & Frazer), this study examines campus climate perceptions for LGBTQ undergraduate students across gender ...conformity and the extent to which relevant variables influence perceptions of classroom climate. Findings reveal more positive classroom climate perceptions for gender conforming students than gender non-conforming students and show significant relationships between classroom climate perceptions and outness, LGBTQ inclusive curricula, institutional support, and resource use.
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