Sugar beet fertilization is a very complex agrotechnical measure for farmers. The main reason is that technological quality is equally important as sugar beet yield, but the increment of the root ...yield does not follow the root quality. Technological quality implies the concentration of sucrose in the root and the possibility of its extraction in the production of white table sugar. The great variability of agroecological factors that directly affect root yield and quality are possible good agrotechnics, primarily by minimizing fertilization. It should be considered that for sugar beet, the status of a single plant available nutrient in the soil is more important than the total amounts of nutrients in the soil. Soil analysis will show us the amount of free nutrients, the degree of soil acidity and the status of individual elements in the soil so that farmers can make a compensation plan. An estimate of the mineralizing ability of the soil, the N min, is very important in determining the amount of mineral nitrogen that the plant can absorb for high root yield and good technological quality. The amount of N needed by the sugar beet crop to be grown is an important factor, and it will always will be in the focus for the producers, especially from the aspect of trying to reduce the N input in agricultural production to preserve soils and their biodiversity but also to establish high yields and quality.
Agrivoltaics and aquavoltaics combine renewable energy production with agriculture and aquaculture. Agrivoltaics involves placing solar panels on farmland, while aquavoltaics integrates photovoltaic ...systems with water bodies and aquaculture. This paper examines the benefits and challenges of agrivoltaics and aquavoltaics, focusing on their potential for Croatian agriculture and freshwater aquaculture. Benefits include dual land use, which allows farmers to produce clean energy while maintaining agricultural practices. They diversify renewable energy sources and reduce dependence on fossil fuels and greenhouse gas emissions. Solar panels in agrivoltaics provide shade, protect crops, reduce water needs, and increase yields. Challenges include high initial costs and limited accessibility, especially for small farmers. Integration with existing systems requires careful planning, considering irrigation, soil moisture, and crop or fish production. Maintenance and cleaning present additional challenges due to dust, debris, and algae. Policy and regulatory frameworks must support implementation, including incentives, grid integration, land use regulations, and conservation. The location, resources, and crops grown in Croatia present an opportunity for agrivoltaics and aquavoltaics, considering cultivation methods, species, and regulatory requirements.
This study analyzes the dynamics of sugar beet root, crown, and leaves fresh and dry matter (FM and DM, respectively) accumulation per plant and their mass ratio at different plant densities and ...nitrogen fertilization. The biennial field trials were set as four different planting densities (60,000, 80,000, 100,000 and 140,000 plants ha-1) and three methods of nitrogen application in spring: control – without nitrogen fertilization (N0), presowing only (N1), and presowing with topdressing (N2). Close to the maturation, the mean DM of the whole root, crown, and leaves on September 20, 2014 amounted to 28.8, 7.3 and 4.0 t ha-1, respectively, whereas it amounted to 20.7, 4.1 and 2.3 t ha-1 in 2015, respectively. Moreover, with regard to the plant densities, the highest root DM was at 140,000 and 100,000 (31.6 t ha-1 in 2014 and 22.4 t ha-1 in 2015), compared to the wider plant densities of 80,000 and 60,000 plants ha-1 (22.4 t ha-1 in 2014 and 18.1 t ha-1 in 2015). Nitrogen fertilization positively influenced on dry matter accumulation, but it was different within the years. On September 20, 2014, a presowing fertilization (N1) increased the root DM by 17%, compared to the control, whereas in 2015 the presowing with topdressing (N2) increased the root DM by 30%. The root-to-leaves FM ratio amounted to 1:3.9 on May 30, 2014, whereas it amounted to 1:0.1 on September 20, 2014. The leaves FM was at its largest on June 20, 2015, when the root-to-leaves ratio amounted to 1:1.1, and gradually decreased to 1:0.1 on September 20, 2015.
U ovome je istraživanju kroz dvije godine analizirana dinamika porasta svježe mase (FM) i mase suhe tvari (DM) cijeloga korijena, glave korijena i listova šećerne repe te njihov omjer masa ovisno o broju biljaka po jedinici površine (60.000, 80.000, 100.000 i 140.000 biljaka ha-1) i gnojidbi dušikom u proljeće: kontrola (N0), samo predsjetva (N1) te predsjetva gnojidba s prihranom (N2). Pri sazrijevanju, 20. rujna, prosječna masa suhe tvari cijeloga korijena, glave korijena i lisne rozete šećerne repe u 2014. godini iznosila je 28,8, 7,3 i 4,0 t ha-1, dok je u 2015. bila manja i iznosila je prosječno 20,7, 4,1 i 2,3 t ha-1. Štoviše, u odnosu na gustoću sjetve, prosječno veća masa suhe tvari cijeloga korijena izmjerena je pri 140.000 i 100.000 (31,6 t ha-1 u 2014. i 22,4 t ha-1 u 2015.), i to u odnosu na sklop od 80.000 i 60.000 biljaka ha-1 (22,4 t ha-1 u 2014. i 18,1 t ha-1 u 2015.). Gnojidba dušikom pozitivno je utjecala na akumuliranje suhe tvari, ali je utjecaj gnojidbe bio različit ovisno o godini istraživanja. Tako je 20. rujna 2014. predsjetvena gnojidba (N1) povećala masu suhe tvari cijeloga korijena za 17% u usporedbi s kontrolom, dok je u 2015. predsjetva gnojidba i prihrana (N2) rezultirala povećanjem mase suhe tvari cijeloga korijena za 30% u odnosu na kontrolu. U 2014. je omjer svježe mase korijena i lisne rozete 30. svibnja bio 1: 3,9, a 20. rujna 1: 0,1. U 2015. godini omjer mase cijeloga korijena i lisne rozete bio je najširi 20. lipnja (1:1,1), a postupno se masa lisne rozete sazrijevanjem korijena smanjivala, tako da je 20. rujna omjer iznosio 1:0,1.
Soybean is generally grown as a rainfed crop worldwide and very often is exposed to drought and high temperatures. The objectives of this study were to determine the performance and stability of 32 ...elite soybean genotypes for seed protein and oil contents across six dry and eight normal environments and to determine the influence of environment on the relationship between the two traits. In the combined ANOVA, genotypes (G), environments (E) and G × E were significant for both traits with protein content being more sensitive to environmental changes than oil content. Mean seed protein content decreased by 4.5% under drought conditions compared to normal ones and ranged from 2.3% to 7.1% for individual genotypes. At the same time drought caused a slight increase in seed oil content of +1.2%, with a range of −1.3% to +4.5% for individual genotypes. Genotype stability in terms of regression coefficient (b) and coefficient of variation (CV) was in moderate to weak negative correlation with mean genotype performance for protein content, while no correlation was observed between genotype stability and mean genotype performance for oil content. Protein and oil content were significantly negatively correlated in normal environments (r = −0.33), while no correlation between the traits was observed in dry environments (r = −0.02).
Soil acidity is one of the most common problem in cultivating plants in the open field. Dolomite enriched with nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium (trade name Fertdolomite: 24% CaO + 16% MgO + 3% N + ...2.5% P2O5 + 3% K2O) was applied in autumn of 2011 in four rates (0 t*ha-1, 3.56 t*ha-1, 7.14 t*ha-1 and 14.25 t*ha-1). Aim of this experiment was testing 5-year residual impact of Fertdolomit on acid soil on maize and winter wheat grain yield and quality, as well as on changes of soil properties. Five year after application, Fertdolomit has shown positive long term effect on soil pH and hydrolytic acidity. Under Fertdolomit treatments, in 2012/2013 wheat yield was significantly increased by 22%, in 2014/2015 by 25% and in 2016/2017 by 32% in comparison with control treatment. Application of highest Fertdolomite rate significantly increased wheat grain quality (protein and wet gluten content) while impact on thousand grain weight, hectoliter mass and starch content was insignificant during all growing season. Response of maize to Fertdolomite application was considerably lower compared to wheat. Maize yield increased only for 11% in both tested years (2014 and 2016), without any significant difference for grain quality.
In a five year experiment the effect of liming on maize and spring barley grain yields and maize nutrient status were examined. The field trial with application of increasing rates of dolomite (0, 5, ...10 and 15 t ha-1) containing 56% CaO and 40% MgO was conducted on the very acid soil with pH (KCl) 3.78 on the location in the central Croatia (45°30’ N, 17°11’ E). Maize crops were grown during 2003-2005 and 2007, whereas spring barley was grown in 2006. Soil chemical properties and maize leaf nutrient concentrations were evaluated after the second year of trial. Liming raised the soil pH by 2.62 pH units and AL-P2O5 by 5.65 mg 100 g-1 and increased crops yield in all years. There were no statistically confirmed differences between treatments with 10 and 15 t ha-1 dolomite for maize yields, while barley grain yield significantly increased only at the highest dolomite rate. Liming also improved maize nutritional status and increased P, Ca, Mg and Mo concentration and decreased high Mn content to the adequate range.
Aim of this study was testing of maize and barley response to Fertdolomite (24.0% CaO + 16.0% MgO + 3.0% N + 2.5% P2O5 + 3.0% K20) application (crop rotation: maize 2008 - barley 2009 - maize 2010). ...Grain yield was increased by 12% (maize 2010) and 22% (barley). Mean concentrations 0.347% P, 2.44% K, 0.492% Ca and 0.176% Mg (leaves), 0.294% P, 0.334% K, 0.006% Ca and 0.093% Mg (grain) were found and due to Fertdolomite they were increased by 12% (P), 8% (K) and 19% (Ca) in leaves and by 14% (P) in grain.
Enhanced micronutrient content in grains or seeds could improve both, nutritive value and agricultural productivity of crops on the soils deficient in a particular micronutrient. The aim of this ...study was to evaluate the effect of genotype and environmental components on the grain yield and concentrations of Mn and Zn in the grain of two maize hybrids and their parental lines as well as to examine the impact of parental inbreds on the grain of Mn and Zn concentration in the hybrids. Maize genotypes were grown in a field trials during two growing seasons on the soil poor in available Mn and Zn (17.5 mg Mn kg-1 and 1.06 mg Zn kg-1 soil). Highly significant effects of both, year and genotype for all traits were ascertained. The average grain yield for all genotypes was 4.08 t ha-1, with varying over years from 1.13 t ha-1 to 6.34 t ha-1 (2003) and from 1.13 t ha-1 to 11.64 t ha-1 (2004). Concentrations of Mn and Zn in the grain were slightly lower and ranged depending on genotype from 2.85 – 4.35 mg Mn kg-1 and 13.6 – 25.6 mg Zn kg-1. Male parents of Lancaster origin had the highest concentrations of investigated microelements in the grain, while in the female lines belonging to BSSS group it was significantly lower. Grain Mn concentration was higher than parental means in both hybrids, whilst the opposite effect was ascertained for Zn concentration, especially in OSSK 552. The origin of inbred lines, as parental component of hybrids, plays an important role in inheritance of nutrient contents, but that genetic impact is greatly affected by environmental factors.
Wheat production faces several challenges, including climate change, expensive inputs, rising market demand, and environmental pollution, which necessitates alternative solutions. This study aimed to ...analyze the impact of applying the antifungal chemical protection and biostimulators on the winter wheat. The field experiment was set up during the 2022–23 growing season according to the RCBD in four replicates on the surface area of the Agricultural Institute Osijek. In total, three treatments (control, antifungal chemical protection, and antifungal chemical protection + biostimulator) and six varieties of wheat origin from Croatia (Žitarka, Golubica, and Felix) and Poland (Venecja, Plejada, and Opoka) were applied, and a total of sixteen properties were analyzed. The temperatures and precipitation data during the vegetation season were monitored. According to the analysis of variance, variety was significant for fourteen traits, treatment for six traits, and their interaction for all sixteen traits. Generally, average wheat yield was low (4.60 t ha-1) but the quality, in context of protein content, was quite high (14.8%). The biostimulator had a positive effect on the yield, kernel number per ear, hectoliter mass and wet gluten/protein ratio. Varieties originating from Poland showed slightly higher values of agro-morphological properties while Croatian varieties showed slightly higher values of grain quality.
Proizvodnja pšenice suočava se s nekoliko izazova, uključujući klimatske promjene, skupe ulazne troškove proizvodnje, rastuću potražnju na tržištu i zagađenje okoliša, što zahtijeva alternativna rješenja. Ovo istraživanje imalo je za cilj analizirati utjecaj primjene antifugalne kemijske zaštite i biostimulatora na ozimu pšenicu. Poljski pokus postavljen je tijekom vegetacijske sezone 2022./2023. prema RCBD-u u četiri ponavljanja na površini Poljoprivrednoga instituta Osijek. Ukupno su primijenjena tri tretmana (kontrola, antifugalna kemijska zaštita i antifugalna kemijska zaštita + biostimulator) i šest sorata pšenice podrijetlom iz Hrvatske (Žitarka, Golubica i Felix) i Poljske (Venecja, Plejada i Opoka), a ukupno je analizirano 16 svojstava. Također, praćeni su podatci o temperaturama i oborinama tijekom vegetacijske sezone. Prema analizi varijance, sorte su bile značajne za 14 svojstava, tretman za 6 svojstava, a interakcija za svih 16 svojstava. Općenito, prosječan prinos pšenice bio je nizak (4,60 t ha-1), ali je kvaliteta, u kontekstu sadržaja bjelančevina, bila prilično visoka (14,8%). Biostimulator je pozitivno djelovao na prinos, broj zrna po klasu, hektolitarsku masu i omjer vlažnoga glutena/ bjelančevina. Sorte podrijetlom iz Poljske pokazale su nešto veće vrijednosti agromorfoloških svojstava, dok su sorte iz Hrvatske pokazale nešto veće vrijednosti kvalitete zrna.
In this research there were studied the effects of NaCl-induced salinity and environment temperatures on germination and seedlings growth of domestic poppy. The study was conducted in the controlled ...conditions in the plant growth chamber. There were applied different concentrations of NaCl (0 mM (control), 50 mM, 100 mM and 150 mM) and environment temperatures (10°C, 15°C and 20°C). The 50 seeds of domestic poppy cultivar (Detkovac) were sown in 4 replicates on the filter paper. The germination energy was determined on the 5th day and total germination rate and seedlings morphological characteristic were determined on the 10th day. At the 5th day germination energy was on average 28%. It was interesting to note that at the 10°C there were no germinated seeds after 5 days at all salinity treatments and also, at the salinity level of 150 mM NaCl at every temperature. The average germination rate (on 10th day) of domestic poppy seeds were 52% and it varied from 30% (150 mM NaCl and 20°C) to 90% (0 mM NaCl and 15°C). Different salinity of water solution had a very significant (p<0.01) influence on stem, root and total length (cm) of seedlings. The average root length was 1.3 cm and it varied from 0.9 cm (100 mM NaCl) to 1.8 cm (0 NaCl). The average stem length was 1.8 cm. The longest stem was found at control (2.7 cm), and between 50 and 100 mM of NaCl the difference was not significant and stem length averaged 1.4 to 1.3 cm depending on the temperature. Average total poppy seedlings length of this study was 3.0 cm and it varied from 4.5 cm at the control to 2.3 cm at 100 mM NaCl. With regard to temperatures, there was no significant differences found in root and total length of poppy seedlings, but the differences were very significant (p<0.01) for stem length. The longest poppy seedlings were measured at 20°C and 0 mM NaCl (4.9 cm), while at 10°C and at 0 or 50 mM NaCl, seedlings were less than 0.1 cm. Seeds were not germinating at all on 10°C on both, 100 and 150 mM NaCl. Generally, salinity reduced germination energy and germination rate and seedlings length. Results may indicate that seeds are mainly affected by osmotic stress and therefore it is not recommended to cultivate poppies on soils with excess salts
U ovom istraživanju analizirani su učinci saliniteta (NaCl) i temperatura na klijavost i rast klijanaca domaćeg maka. Postojale su različite koncentracije NaCl (0 mM (kontrola), 50 mM, 100 mM i 150 mM) i provedene temperature (10 °C, 15 °C i 20 °C). Istraživanje je provedeno u kontroliranim uvjetima u fitotronu. U 4 ponavljanja posijano je po 50 sjemenki domaće sorte maka (Detkovac) na filter papir. Energija klijanja utvrđena je 5. dan, a ukupna klijavost i morfološka karakteristika klijanaca maka nakon 10. dana. Peti dan energija klijanja bila je u prosjeku 28%. Bilo je zanimljivo ustanoviti da na 10 °C nije bilo klijavog sjemena nakon 5 dana na svim tretmanima zaslanjenosti, a također i na razini 150 mM NaCl pri svakoj temperaturi. Prosječna ukupna klijavost (10. dan) domaćeg sjemena maka iznosila je 52% i varirala je od 30% (150 mM NaCl i 20 °C) do 90% (0 mM NaCl i 15 °C). Različita zaslanjenost vodene otopine imala je vrlo značajan utjecaj (p <0,01) na porast stabljike, korijena i ukupnu duljinu (cm) klijanaca. Prosječna duljina kroijena iznosila je 1,3 cm i varirala je od 0,9 cm (100 mM NaCl) do 1,8 cm (0 NaCl). Prosječna duljina stabljike bila je 1,8 cm. Najdulja stabljika izmjerena je na kontroli (2,7 cm), dok između 50 i 100 mM NaCl razlike nisu bile značajne. Ukupna duljina klijanaca maka u ovom istraživanju iznosila je 3,0 cm i varirala je od 4,5 cm na kontroli do 2,3 cm pri 100 mM NaCl. S obzirom na temperature, nisu utvrđene značajne razlike u korijenu i ukupnoj duljini klijanaca maka, ali razlike su bile vrlo značajne (p <0,01) za duljinu stabljike. Najduži klijanci maka izmjereni su na 20 °C i 0 mM NaCl (4,9 cm), dok su na 10 °C i na 0 ili 50 mM NaCl klijanci bili manji od 0,1 cm. Sjeme uopće nije klijalo na 10 °C, a ovisno o salinitetu pri 100 i 150 mM NaCl. Općenito, zaslanjenost je smanjila energiju klijanja, brzinu klijanja i duljinu klijanaca. Ova domaća sorta maka bila je vrlo osjetljiva na relativno visoke koncentracije soli, što ukazuje na to da sjeme uglavnom utječe na osmotski stres te se ne preporuča uzgajati na tlima s viškom soli.
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