Remarks on Slovene clitic sequences Rath, Alexander
Slovenski jezik (Slovenska akademija znanosti in umetnosti. Znanstvenoraziskovalni center),
03/2023, Letnik:
12
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Clitic sequencing in Slovene is mainly the ordering of clitic forms of the personal pronouns, which are usually bound to the second topological position in the Slovene sentence. This ordering ...corresponds to the type of sequence described by Wackernagel (1892) for the Indo-European languages in general. The first normative description of the inner syntax of Slovene clitic sequences was published by Škrabec (1895). His description was borrowed by Breznik (1916) and became part of the tradition of Slovene grammars that was continued by Toporišič in the second half of the twentieth century with his Slovene Grammar (Slovenska slovnica). Although Slovenska slovnica by Toporišič is regarded as a normative work, the interpretation that clitic combinations not listed in the work were, therefore, forbidden is at least questionable because Toporišič does not make this claim. In an examination of publicly available contemporary text corpora, we found a number of clitic combinations that are not covered by the grammar. Besides other combinations not mentioned in the grammar, we found mainly doubled accusatives, which occur for various reasons. For example, some tri-valent verbs take two accusatives instead of one accusative and one genitive, which is also a matter of historical change as with the verb učiti se ‘to learn.’ Interesting sequencing also occurs in sentences containing a finite and an infinite verb describing a complex event, e.g. ‘I see her carrying her daughter’ -> ‘I see her carrying her.’ Regarding this topic, linguistic variation is of great importance as the measure of acceptance might depend on dialectal and historical factors as well as on the degree of interactivity (spoken vs. written language, etc.) and genre. The examples listed in this article were presented to academic teachers of Slovene studies asking them for their opinion regarding the register of each sentence. Their comments and some additional analysis for every example are listed in this paper. As expected, there was no uniform opinion among them, which is another argument for additional research on Slovene sociolinguistics as well as on the clitic sequence in particular.
Die slowenische Partikel (und Konjunktion) pa ist eines der frequentesten Lexeme des Slowenischen. Da sie sowohl additive als auch kontrastive Relationen ausdrückt und darüber hinaus auch als Fokus- ...und Modalpartikel fungiert, ist sie als stark unterspezifiziert einzustufen. Innerhalb des slowenischen Satzes, dessen Zweitposition einer Klitikakette nach Wackernagel vorbehalten ist, ist sie in der Lage, eine Vielzahl an topologischen Positionen einzunehmen: Die Vorerstposition und die Erstposition, die Einschubposition zwischen Erst- und Zweitposition, die Position zwischen der Zweitposition und dem Mittelfeld und seltener auch Positionen nach der rechten Verbklammer. In manchen Fällen kann sie in die Klitikakette der Wackernagelposition integriert sein. Es wurde vermutet, dass die von pa einnehmbaren Positionen varietätenlinguistischen Beschränkungen unterliegen, und zwar je nach Mündlichkeit und Schriftlichkeit bzw. Oratheit und Literatheit des Textes. Der vorliegende Artikel zeigt anhand einer Untersuchung von einerseits transkribierten Interviews zu persönlichen und hoch emotionalen Themen und andererseits weitgehend formalen publizistischen Texten, dass tatsächlich eine unterschiedliche Verteilung vorliegt. Außer im Falle von verschriftlichten Zitaten mündlicher Sprache entfallen in den publizistischen Texten nämlich sämtliche Positionen rechts der Wackernagelposition.
Narrow fractures—or more generally narrow planar features—can be difficult to extract from 3D image datasets, and available methods are often unsuitable or inapplicable. A proper extraction is ...however in many cases required for visualisation or future processing steps. We use the example of 3D X-ray micro-Computed Tomography (µCT) data of narrow fractures through core samples from a dolomitic hydrocarbon reservoir (Hauptdolomit below the Vienna Basin, Austria). The extraction and eventual binary segmentation of the fractures in these datasets is required for porosity determination and permeability modelling.
In this paper, we present the multiscale Hessian fracture filtering technique for extracting narrow fractures from a 3D image dataset. The second-order information in the Hessian matrix is used to distinguish planar features from the dataset. Different results are obtained for different scales of analysis in the calculation of the Hessian matrix. By combining these various scales of analysis, the final output is multiscale; i.e. narrow fractures of different apertures are detected. The presented technique is implemented and made available as macro code for the multiplatform public domain image processing software ImageJ. Serial processing of blocks of data ensures that full 3D processing of relatively large datasets (example dataset: 1670×1670×1546 voxels) is possible on a desktop computer. Here, several hours of processing time are required, but interaction is only required in the beginning. Various post-processing steps (calibration, connectivity filtering, and binarisation) can be applied, depending on the goals of research.
The multiscale Hessian fracture filtering technique provides very good results for extracting the narrow fractures in our example dataset, despite several drawbacks inherent to the use of the Hessian matrix. Although we apply the technique on a specific example, the general implementation makes the filter suitable for different types of 3D datasets and different research goals.
•New code for processing narrow planar features in 3D datasets.•Enhancement of visualisation and segmentation.•Implementation available for the public domain software ImageJ.•3D filtering on desktop computers with limited resources.•Very good results for extracting porosity from µCT data of fractured dolomites.
Mathematical modeling of animal cell growth and metabolism is essential for the understanding and improvement of the production of biopharmaceuticals. Models can explain the dynamic behavior of cell ...growth and product formation, support the identification of the most relevant parameters for process design, and significantly reduce the number of experiments to be performed for process optimization. Few dynamic models have been established that describe both extracellular and intracellular dynamics of growth and metabolism of animal cells. In this study, a model was developed, which comprises a set of 33 ordinary differential equations to describe batch cultivations of suspension AGE1.HN.AAT cells considered for the production of α1‐antitrypsin. This model combines a segregated cell growth model with a structured model of intracellular metabolism. Overall, it considers the viable cell concentration, mean cell diameter, viable cell volume, concentration of extracellular substrates, and intracellular concentrations of key metabolites from the central carbon metabolism. Furthermore, the release of metabolic by‐products such as lactate and ammonium was estimated directly from the intracellular reactions. Based on the same set of parameters, this model simulates well the dynamics of four independent batch cultivations. Analysis of the simulated intracellular rates revealed at least two distinct cellular physiological states. The first physiological state was characterized by a high glycolytic rate and high lactate production. Whereas the second state was characterized by efficient adenosine triphosphate production, a low glycolytic rate, and reactions of the TCA cycle running in the reverse direction from α‐ketoglutarate to citrate. Finally, we show possible applications of the model for cell line engineering and media optimization with two case studies.
In this study a dynamic mathematical model of cell growth and metabolism was established the for the human cell line AGE1.HN. This model uses ordinary differential equations to simulate changes in viable cell concentration and volume, concentration of extracellular substrates, and intracellular concentrations of key metabolites from the central carbon metabolism. It accurately estimated the release of metabolic by‐products such as lactate and ammonium directly from the intracellular reactions and the model simulations hints at the existence of distinct cellular physiological states.
Variable-dependent scale factors are commonly used in HEP to improve shape agreement of data and simulation. The choice of the underlying model is of great importance, but often requires a lot of ...manual tuning e.g. of bin sizes or fitted functions. This can be alleviated through the use of neural networks and their inherent powerful data modeling capabilities. We present a novel and generalized method for producing scale factors using an adversarial neural network. This method is investigated in the context of the bottom-quark jet-tagging algorithms within the CMS experiment. The primary network uses the jet variables as inputs to derive the scale factor for a single jet. It is trained through the use of a second network, the adversary, which aims to differentiate between the data and rescaled simulation.
Production of bio-pharmaceuticals in cell culture, such as mammalian cells, is challenging. Mathematical models can provide support to the analysis, optimization, and the operation of production ...processes. In particular, unstructured models are suited for these purposes, since they can be tailored to particular process conditions. To this end, growth phases and the most relevant factors influencing cell growth and product formation have to be identified. Due to noisy and erroneous experimental data, unknown kinetic parameters, and the large number of combinations of influencing factors, currently there are only limited structured approaches to tackle these issues. We outline a structured set-based approach to identify different growth phases and the factors influencing cell growth and metabolism. To this end, measurement uncertainties are taken explicitly into account to bound the time-dependent specific growth rate based on the observed increase of the cell concentration. Based on the bounds on the specific growth rate, we can identify qualitatively different growth phases and (in-)validate hypotheses on the factors influencing cell growth and metabolism. We apply the approach to a mammalian suspension cell line (AGE1.HN). We show that growth in batch culture can be divided into two main growth phases. The initial phase is characterized by exponential growth dynamics, which can be described consistently by a relatively simple unstructured and segregated model. The subsequent phase is characterized by a decrease in the specific growth rate, which, as shown, results from substrate limitation and the pH of the medium. An extended model is provided which describes the observed dynamics of cell growth and main metabolites, and the corresponding kinetic parameters as well as their confidence intervals are estimated. The study is complemented by an uncertainty and outlier analysis. Overall, we demonstrate utility of set-based methods for analyzing cell growth and metabolism under conditions of uncertainty.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
•20L batch cultivations with AGE1.HN.AAT cells producing α1-antitrypsin.•Intracellular metabolites linked to the dynamics of glucose and glutamine uptake rates.•Low activities of PDH, PC and GLNase ...for metabolite transfer into the TCA cycle.•PK regulated in AGE1.HN.AAT cells during batch cultivations.•Cell engineering strategies to enhance cell growth and productivity are proposed.
Optimization of bioprocesses with mammalian cells mainly concentrates on cell engineering, cell screening and medium optimization to achieve enhanced cell growth and productivity. For improving cell lines by cell engineering techniques, in-depth understandings of the regulation of metabolism and product formation as well as the resulting demand for the different medium components are needed. In this work, the relationship of cell specific growth and uptake rates and of changes in maximum in vitro enzyme activities with intracellular metabolite pools of glycolysis, pentose phosphate pathway, citric acid cycle and energy metabolism were determined for batch cultivations with AGE1.HN.AAT cells. Results obtained by modeling cell growth and consumption of main substrates showed that the dynamics of intracellular metabolite pools is primarily linked to the dynamics of specific glucose and glutamine uptake rates. By analyzing maximum in vitro enzyme activities we found low activities of pyruvate dehydrogenase and pyruvate carboxylase which suggest a reduced metabolite transfer into the citric acid cycle resulting in lactate release (Warburg effect). Moreover, an increase in the volumetric lactate production rate during the transition from exponential to stationary growth together with a transient accumulation of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate, fructose 1-phosphate and ribose 5-phosphate point toward an upregulation of PK via FBP. Glutaminase activity was about 44-fold lower than activity of glutamine synthetase. This seemed to be sufficient for the supply of intermediates for biosynthesis but might lead to unnecessary dissipation of ATP. Taken together, our results elucidate regulation of metabolic networks of immortalized mammalian cells by changes of metabolite pools over the time course of batch cultivations. Eventually, it enables the use of cell engineering strategies to improve the availability of building blocks for biomass synthesis by increasing glucose as well as glutamine fluxes. An additional knockdown of the glutamine synthetase might help to prevent unnecessary dissipation of ATP, to yield a cell line with optimized growth characteristics and increased overall productivity.
Naslonski niz je enota v topologiji (predvsem) indoevropskega stavka, ki ima – odvisno od jezika – svojo specifično notranjo skladnjo. Za slovenščino je še danes najbolj vpliven opis tega pojava v ...Slovenski slovnici Jožeta Toporišiča, ki ima do določene mere še vedno normativni status. Posledično nekateri avtorji opis interpretirajo kot normo dovoljenih in prepovedanih zaporedij naslonk, čeprav avtor slovnice ne trdi, da bi bile druge, ne naštete kombinacije prepovedane. Pri pregledu besedilnih korpusov sodobne slovenščine najdemo večje število pojavnic, ki odstopajo od modela in so za naravne govorce bolj ali manj sprejemljive. Članek razumemo kot izhodišče za večjo raziskavo o možnih zaporedjih, ki bi upoštevala tudi sociolingvistično opredelitev zvrstnosti slovenskega jezika.
EARS Rath, Alexander; Grittmann, Pascal; Herholz, Sebastian ...
ACM transactions on graphics,
07/2022, Letnik:
41, Številka:
4
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Russian roulette and splitting are widely used techniques to increase the efficiency of Monte Carlo estimators. But, despite their popularity, there is little work on how to best apply them. Most ...existing approaches rely on simple heuristics based on, e.g., surface albedo and roughness. Their efficiency often hinges on user-controlled parameters. We instead iteratively learn optimal Russian roulette and splitting factors during rendering, using a simple and lightweight data structure. Given perfect estimates of variance and cost, our fixed-point iteration provably converges to the optimal Russian roulette and splitting factors that maximize the rendering efficiency. In our application to unidirectional path tracing, we achieve consistent and significant speed-ups over the state of the art.
Path guiding is a promising tool to improve the performance of path tracing algorithms. However, not much research has investigated what target densities a guiding method should strive to learn for ...optimal performance. Instead, most previous work pursues the zero-variance goal: The local decisions are guided under the assumption that all other decisions along the random walk will be sampled perfectly. In practice, however, many decisions are poorly guided, or not guided at all. Furthermore, learned distributions are often marginalized, e.g., by neglecting the BSDF. We present a generic procedure to derive theoretically optimal target densities for local path guiding. These densities account for variance in nested estimators, and marginalize provably well over, e.g., the BSDF. We apply our theory in two state-of-the-art rendering applications: a path guiding solution for unidirectional path tracing Müller et al. 2017 and a guiding method for light source selection for the many lights problem Vévoda et al. 2018. In both cases, we observe significant improvements, especially on glossy surfaces. The implementations for both applications consist of trivial modifications to the original code base, without introducing any additional overhead.
PDF
