Four studies investigated whether people feel inhibited from engaging in social action incongruent with their apparent self-interest. Participants in Study I predicted that they would be evaluated ...negatively were they to take action on behalf of a cause in which they had no stake or in which they had a stake but held stake-incongruent attitudes. Participants in Study 2 reported both surprise & anger when a target person took action on behalf of a cause in which he or she had no stake or in which he or she held stake-incongruent attitudes. In Study 3, individuals felt more comfortable engaging in social action & expected others to respond more favorably toward their actions if the issue was described as more relevant to their own sex than to the opposite sex. In Study 4, the authors found that providing nonvested individuals with psychological standing rendered them as likely as vested individuals to undertake social action. The authors discuss the implications of these results for the relationship between vested interest, social action, & attitude-behavior consistency. 4 Tables, 27 References. Copyright 2001 The American Psychological Association.
IMPORTANCE: To date, no study has characterized the mucocutaneous features seen in hospitalized children with multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) or the temporal association of ...these findings with the onset of systemic symptoms. OBJECTIVE: To describe the mucocutaneous findings seen in children with MIS-C during the height of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic in New York City in 2020. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: A retrospective case series was conducted of 35 children admitted to 2 hospitals in New York City between April 1 and July 14, 2020, who met Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and/or epidemiologic criteria for MIS-C. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Laboratory and clinical characteristics, with emphasis on mucocutaneous findings, of children who met criteria for MIS-C. The characterization of mucocutaneous features was verified by 2 board-certified pediatric dermatologists. RESULTS: Twenty-five children (11 girls 44%; median age, 3 years range, 0.7-17 years) were identified who met definitional criteria for MIS-C; an additional 10 children (5 girls 50%; median age, 1.7 years range, 0.2-15 years) were included as probable MIS-C cases (patients met all criteria with the exception of laboratory test evidence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 SARS-CoV-2 infection or known exposure). The results of polymerase chain reaction tests for SARS-CoV-2 were positive for 10 patients (29%), and the results of SARS-CoV-2 immunoglobulin G tests were positive for 19 patients (54%). Of the 35 patients, 29 (83%) exhibited mucocutaneous changes, with conjunctival injection (n = 21), palmoplantar erythema (n = 18), lip hyperemia (n = 17), periorbital erythema and edema (n = 7), strawberry tongue (n = 8), and malar erythema (n = 6) being the most common findings. Recognition of mucocutaneous findings occurred a mean of 2.7 days (range, 1-7 days) after the onset of fever. The duration of mucocutaneous findings varied from hours to days (median duration, 5 days range, 0-11 days). Neither the presence nor absence of mucocutaneous findings was significantly associated with overall disease severity. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: In this case series of hospitalized children with suspected MIS-C during the COVID-19 pandemic, a wide spectrum of mucocutaneous findings was identified. Despite their protean and transient nature, these mucocutaneous features serve as important clues in the recognition of MIS-C.
ABSTRACTVaginolysin (VLY), a cytotoxic protein produced by Gardnerella vaginalis, may contribute to bacterial vaginosis. We observed that women with G. vaginalis, low levels of lactobacilli, history ...of vaginal douching, higher Nugent scores, and higher vaginal pH had increased VLY. Inflammatory markers were not highly expressed with increasing VLY. Vaginolysinʼs role in bacterial vaginosis warrants further evaluation.
•This randomized crossover trial examined social behavior after a typhoid vaccine.•Compared to placebo, the typhoid vaccine did not predict social avoidance.•Feelings of social connection were also ...unaffected by the vaccine.•Results suggest that mild inflammatory stimuli may not impact social processes.
Inflammation can have social consequences, which may be relevant to inflammation’s link with depression. The current study tests whether a typhoid vaccine increases feelings of social disconnection and avoidance behavior.
In two full-day visits at least three weeks apart, 172 postmenopausal breast cancer survivors (Stage I-IIIA) each received a typhoid capsular polysaccharide vaccination and a saline placebo injection in a random sequence. Blood was drawn prior to the injection, as well as every 90 min thereafter for 8 h to assess the inflammatory response (interleukin-6, IL-6; interleukin-1 receptor antagonist, IL-1Ra). At both visits, women completed the Social Connection Scale at 0 and 8.5 h post-vaccination as well as implicit and explicit social avoidance tasks at 7 h post-vaccination.
The typhoid vaccine triggered rises in both inflammatory markers (ps < 0.01), but it did not impact feelings of social connection (p = .32), or performance on the implicit (p = .34) or explicit tasks (p = .37). Inflammatory rises did not predict feelings of social connection (ps > 0.64) or performance on explicit (ps > 0.73) or implicit (ps > 0.88) social avoidance tasks.
Milder inflammatory stimuli may not affect social processes. Higher levels of inflammation or, relatedly, more sickness symptoms may be necessary to recapitulate prior findings of social avoidance.
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