INFEKCIJSKE BOLEZNI PRI OTROKU Jagodic Bašič, Veronika; Berkopec, Tanja; Prodanović, Nina ...
Slovenska pediatrija,
05/2022, Letnik:
29, Številka:
2
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Nalezljive bolezni povzroča širjenje mikroorganizmov (bakterij, virusov, gliv ali parazitov) ali prionov na ljudi z drugih ljudi, živali ali okolja. Okužbe se prenašajo kontaktno, kapljično ali ...aerogeno. Prenašajo se neposredno s človeka na človeka, preko okuženih predmetov, z uživanjem kontaminirane hrane ali pijače, s stikom s kontaminiranimi telesnimi tekočinami in z ugrizom ali pikom živali. V prispevku opisujemo zdravstveno obravnavo pri Lymski boreliozi in klopnem meningoencefalitisu, mišji mrzlici, ter okužbah povzročenih z virusom ošpic ter virusom varicella zoster virus. Številne nalezljive bolezni, kot so ošpice in norice, lahko preprečimo s cepivi. V bolnišničnem okolju moramo izvajati postopke aerogene izolacije. če okuženi ne potrebuje hospitalizacije, se mora izolirati v domačem okolju. Pri boleznih, ki jih prenašajo živali, upoštevamo preventivne ukrepe. Ozaveščanje prebivalcev o pomembnosti zaščite pred vbodom klopa in dosledno samopregledovanje sta ključnega pomena za zmanjševanje šte-vila okuženih z Lymsko boreliozo in klopnim meningoencefalitisom. Preventivno ravnanje proti mišji mrzlici je zaščita pred vdihovanjem aerosolov. Za zaščito proti klopnemu meningoencefalitisu je na voljo cepivo, ki ga priporočamo otrokom od prvega leta dalje. Zaradi vojne v Ukrajini in velikega števila razseljenih je možen porast okužb s tuberkulozo in ošpicami ter multirezistentnimi bakterijami. Pri bolnišnični obravnavi oseb s tega področja upoštevamo z zdravstveno oskrbo povezane ukrepe za preprečevanje in obvladovanje okužb.
INFECTIOUS DISEASES IN CHILDREN Veronika Jagodic Bašič; Tanja Berkopec; Nina Prodanović ...
Slovenska pediatrija,
05/2022, Letnik:
29, Številka:
2
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Infectious diseases are diseases that are caused by spread of microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, fungus or parasites) or prions to the people from the humans, animals or environment. Infections have ...been transmitted by contacts, droplets or aero genus, directly from human to human, through infected objects, with consumption of contaminated food or beverage, contact with contaminated body liquids or with bite or peak of an animal. Healthcare management of infections caused by Lyme borrelia, tick – borne meningoencephalitis, hantaviruses, measles virus and varicella zoster virus are discussed. Many infectious diseases, such as measles and chickenpox, could be prevented with vaccines. The procedures of aerogenic isolation need to be applied in hospital environment; if however the infected person does not need to be hospitalized he (she) must be isolated at home environment. Raising of people awareness is very important for animal borne diseases. The awareness upon importance of protection against tick bites and consistent self-examination is crucial for diminishing of infections with Lyme borellia and tick – borne meningoencephalitis and protection against inhalation of aerosols while cleaning the abandoned areas against mouse fever. There is a vaccine against tick – borne meningoencephalitis which is recommended from the age of one year. Due to Ukrainian war and increased number of displaced persons an increase in infections with tuberculosis, measles and the emergence of multi- resistant bacteria is possible. All measures to prevent and control healthcare connected infections should be considered when treating individuals from this area.
Grapevine fanleaf virus (GFLV) is the causal agent of grapevine degeneration disease, which causes progressive decline of infected vines and lowers the yield. The most important strategy to prevent ...the spread of GFLV is using healthy planting material and elimination of diseased plants. GFLV titre is known to be variable during the season; therefore we elaborated a spatio–temporal study of its distribution in different grapevine organs during the season. Our research showed that young leaves have high virus titre during the whole vegetative period, while mature leaves, tendrils and flower/berry clusters only at the beginning of the vegetative period. However seeds retained high virus titre after berries colouring. Phloem scrapings were shown to contain lower virus titres during the vegetative period, with the increase outside and at the beginning of the vegetative period. In flower/berry clusters, mature leaves and in tendrils, GFLV titre decreased significantly over the vegetative period. Semi-quantitative results obtained by ELISA were confirmed by qPCR. Additionally, different GFLV titres were shown in five different cultivars and different combinations of mixed infections with other grapevine viruses influenced the GFLV titre differently. Finally, correlation between the magnitude of symptoms’ appearance and GFLV titres was analysed.
A TaqMan® one-step reverse transcription real-time PCR (RT-qPCR) assay was developed for the specific detection and relative quantitation of Grapevine fanleaf virus (GFLV), the causal agent of ...grapevine fanleaf degeneration disease. The assay was targeted to a conservative region located in the 2AHP gene of the GFLV RNA2 molecule. The assay specificity was evaluated on GFLV isolates from a wide range of geographical regions and on other viruses infecting grapevines. The sensitivity of the developed assay for GFLV detection was approximately 1000-fold higher than the sensitivity of the conventional ELISA. Concentrations as low as 10 genome copies of GFLV per reaction were reliably detected using RT-qPCR. The new method offers a fast, reliable, specific and sensitive identification test for GFLV that is easily applicable for high-throughput diagnosis of GFLV in different types of grapevine material, including dormant phloem scrapings. The quantitative nature of the assay was evaluated by monitoring the seasonal variation of the amount of GFLV present in the plant phloem.
Background: Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is the most common unpredictable cause of in-hospital death. Despite the fact that VTE prophylaxis has been proven to be efficacious and safe it remains ...underused. The aim is to determine the use of VTE prophylaxis in patients admitted to medical wards of the Division of Internal Medicine of the University Medical Centre Ljubljana.Methods: On a pre-specified day, all patients hospitalized on the wards of the Division of Internal Medicine were assessed for VTE risk by Padua prediction score. According to the risk of VTE and contraindications for pharmacological prophylaxis the adequacy of VTE prophylaxis was determined by trained data abstractors. Doctors responsible for the patients’ treatment were not aware of the study.Results: 511 patients were enrolled (222 women and 289 men). VTE prophylaxis was not indicated in 245 patients; 17 (6.9 %) patients classified as being at low risk for VTE nevertheless received prophylaxis. A half of 266 (52.1 %) patients at high risk for VTE had a contraindication to pharmacological prophylaxis. In 133 at-risk patients without contraindications, VTE prophylaxis was prescribed correctly in 50 (37.6 %) patients, 11 (8.3 %) patients received wrong doses and 72 (52 %) at-risk patients did not receive any prophylaxis.Conclusion: On the chosen day, VTE prophylaxis was appropriately used in 81 % of hospitalized patients on medical wards of the Division of Internal Medicine of the University Medical Centre Ljubljana. Since only 37 % of the patients at high risk for VTE received recommended VTE prophylaxis, our data reinforce the rationale to implement measures to improve these results.
Background: Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is the most common unpredictable cause of in-hospital death. Despite the fact that VTE prophylaxis has been proven to be efficacious and safe it remains ...underused. The aim is to determine the use of VTE prophylaxis in patients admitted to medical wards of the Division of Internal Medicine of the University Medical Centre Ljubljana. Methods: On a pre-specified day, all patients hospitalized on the wards of the Division of Internal Medicine were assessed for VTE risk by Padua prediction score. According to the risk of VTE and contraindications for pharmacological prophylaxis the adequacy of VTE prophylaxis was determined by trained data abstractors. Doctors responsible for the patients’ treatment were not aware of the study. Results: 511 patients were enrolled (222 women and 289 men). VTE prophylaxis was not indicated in 245 patients; 17 (6.9 %) patients classified as being at low risk for VTE nevertheless received prophylaxis. A half of 266 (52.1 %) patients at high risk for VTE had a contraindication to pharmacological prophylaxis. In 133 at-risk patients without contraindications, VTE prophylaxis was prescribed correctly in 50 (37.6 %) patients, 11 (8.3 %) patients received wrong doses and 72 (52 %) at-risk patients did not receive any prophylaxis. Conclusion: On the chosen day, VTE prophylaxis was appropriately used in 81 % of hospitalized patients on medical wards of the Division of Internal Medicine of the University Medical Centre Ljubljana. Since only 37 % of the patients at high risk for VTE received recommended VTE prophylaxis, our data reinforce the rationale to implement measures to improve these results.
Izhodišče: Venski trombembolizmi so najpogostejši nepredvideni vzrok smrti v bolnišnicah. Kljub temu, da je preprečevalno zdravljenje (PZ) varno in učinkovito, se po do sedaj objavljenih podatkih ...premalokrat uporablja. Namem študije je proučiti, kako se PZ uporablja na internističnih oddelkih v Univerzitetnem kliničnem centru (UKC) v Ljubljani. Metode: Na izbrani dan smo pri vseh bolnikih, zdravljenih na Interni kliniki UKC Ljubljana, s točkovnikom Padua ocenili tveganje za nastanek VTE in potrebo po PZ. Ob upoštevanju indikacij in zadržkov za PZ smo bolnike razvrstili na tiste s pravilno in nepravilno predpisanim PZ. Podatke so zbirali neodvisni preiskovalci. Zdravniki, odgovorni za zdravljenje bolnikov, o času izvajanja raziskave niso bili obveščeni. Rezultati: Vključili smo 511 bolnikov (222 žensk in 289 moških). 245 bolnikov PZ ni potrebovalo. Pri bolnikih, ki PZ niso potrebovali, jih je imelo PZ kljub temu predpisano 17 (6,9 %). PZ bi potrebovalo 266 (52,1 %) bolnikov, vendar jih je polovica med njimi imela zadržek za PZ. Pri 133 bolnikih, ki niso imeli zadržkov, je imelo pravilno predpisano PZ 50 (37,6 %) bolnikov, 11 (8,3 %) bolnikov je imelo predpisano PZ v neustreznem odmerku. Brez PZ, od tistih, ki bi ga morali prejemati, jih je bilo 72 (52 %). Zaključek: Na izbrani dan so na internističnih oddelkih UKC Ljubljana ob upoštevanju indikacij in zadržkov za PZ pravilno obravnavali 81 % bolnikov, kar je v primerjavi z drugimi raziskavami dober rezultat. Dejstvo, da je bilo PZ pravilno predpisano pri tistih bolnikih, ki bi ga potrebovali, le pri 37 %, pa odpira možnosti za izboljšave.
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