As all the dosha, dhatu and mala are responsible for the retention of our body's homeostasis, all these three factors can be referred to as dhatu - ‘the element which holds up our body. Any deviation ...from the normal qualitative and quantitative state of these three elements can be referred to as dhatu vaishmaya, which is responsible for pathophysiologic changes in our body, which finally leads to the causation of diseases known as vikara. This deviation from the normal state can be in two ways - either in the form of aggravation/increment (known as vriddhi or prakopa) or regression/depletion (known as kshaya). In this article, the authors have tried to evaluate the state of dosha and dhatus during the pathological process of diseases, whether they remain in aggravated condition or depleted condition. From various textual understandings and evaluations of diseases' pathological processes and clinical features, it can be observed that dosha remains in its aggravated state during the pathogenesis of diseases and when it afflicts the dhatu - this results in the depletion of dhatu. Apart from two or three exceptions, in all types of conditions, this phenomenon of dosha vriddhi and dhatu kshaya can be observed conceptually as well as clinically. Thus, it can be concluded that the verse ‘Vikara Dhatu Vaishamyam’ refers to the altered state of dosha vriddhi and dhatu kshaya, which is responsible for the causation of vikara, i.e., diseases.
In breast cancer, increased epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) expression and phosphorylation have been correlated with increased invasive potential and poor prognosis. Interaction of EGFR with ...its ligand epidermal growth factor (EGF) activates cellular signalling cascades promoting tumour invasion. Matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) are upregulated in most cancers and play crucial roles in modulating invasion and metastasis. EGFR-mediated regulation of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in breast cancer was investigated using metastatic human breast ductal carcinoma cell line MCF-7. Culture of MCF-7 cells on 1 µg/ml EGF-coated culture dishes for 24 h led to appreciable increase in MMP-2 and MMP-9 expression and activity. Expression of membrane type-1 matrix metalloproteinase (MT1-MMP) and focal adhesion kinase (FAK), phosphorylation of EGFR and phosphatidylinositol 3′ kinase (PI3K), and nuclear translocation of EGFR and cellular migration were also appreciably increased. Targeting EGFR–EGF interactions by treatment of MCF-7 cells with anti-EGFR monoclonal antibodies prior to culture on EGF prevented appreciable upregulation of MMP-2 and MMP-9 expression and activity. Increased expression of MT1-MMP and FAK, phosphorylation of EGFR and PI3K and enhanced cell migration were also inhibited. Treatment of cells with PI3K inhibitor LY294002 prevented upregulation of MMP-2 and MMP-9 indicating that EGFR-mediated signalling for MMP regulation occurs through PI3K. As increased EGFR activity has been observed in highly invasive breast cancers, targeting EGFR–EGF interactions might render such cancers less invasive by inhibiting EGFR-mediated upregulation of MMP-2 and MMP-9 and therefore could be of importance in their clinical management.
Interaction between multimachine ac systems and a multiterminal dc (MTDC) grid and the impact on the overall stability of the combined ac-MTDC system is studied in this paper. A generic modeling ...framework for voltage-source converter (VSC)-based MTDC grids, which is compatible with standard multimachine ac system models, is developed to carry out modal analysis and transient simulation. A general asymmetric bipole converter configuration comprising positive and negative pole converters and dc cable network with a positive, negative, and metallic return circuit is considered to enable different types of faults and dc-side unbalance studies. Detailed dynamic representation of the dc cables with distributed pi-section models is used along with the averaged model and decoupled control for the converter stations. An averaged model in Matlab/SIMULINK is validated against the detailed switched model in EMTDC/PSCAD by comparing the responses following small and large disturbances (e.g., faults on the dc side). Modal analysis is performed to identify the nature and root cause of the dynamic responses. Interaction between a multimachine ac system and an MTDC grid is examined following faults on the ac and dc sides and outage of converters. It is shown that the cause of instability in certain cases could only be attributed to the dc-side state variables. An averaged model of the converter along with the dc cable network is shown to be essential to analyze the stability and dynamics of combined ac-MTDC grids.
Gas–liquid (G-L) reaction kinetics studies need ideally to be carried out (a) in the total recirculation regime, signifying maximum mass transfer rates (K L S) and (b) in contactors, which ...geometrically support higher K L S. G-L mixing enhancement by agitation and gas sparging is generally practiced to enhance K L S. The agitated and sparged tank contactor (ASTC) consisting of baffles, stirrers, and spargers is the preferred mode of contacting. It is essential to understand how the impeller–sparger geometry affects K L S in a standard ASTC while operating in the total recirculation regime. A film theory-based approach shows that K L S may be approximated by the gas holdup (εg) in the total recirculation regime. Combinations of standard radial and axial impellers with ring spargers of different sizes are used in an ASTC of 0.25 m diameter containing 1 × 10–2 m3 water. The oxygen flow rate (Q g) is varied from (6.26 to 25.02 × 10–5) m3 s–1, and agitation intensity (N 0) is varied from (1.67 to 16.67) rps at the temperature (θ) = 313 K under atmospheric pressure to understand the effects of geometry on εg while operating in the total recirculation regime. Results of our investigations show how an ASTC with an impeller of high-power number (N P) and a ring sparger of near impeller diameter (D) form an ideal combination and will result in maximum εg (indirectly optimum K L S), making it suitable for kinetics studies.
Our human body is consists of Dosha, Dhatu and Mala. Among all the Sharira Doshas, Vata Dosha is considered as most important because of its unique properties and diverse functions throughout the ...body. Vata Dosha regulates the movements of other Doshas as well as Dhatu and Mala. Vata Dosha helps to maintain equilibrium state between Doshas, Dhatus and Mala. During the aggravated states, Vata Dosha transports all other Doshas to various locations where they produce diseases. Vata Dosha helps to excrete Mala from body thus helps to maintain homeostatic condition within body. Moreover Vata Dosha regulates Agni, which is considered to be the most important factor responsible for various physiological functions like digestion, absorption and metabolism, thus Vata Dosha regulates all these processes essential for sustenance of life. Vata Dosha regulates the state of mind and its activities along with the proper functioning of various sensory organs also. Moreover, Vata Dosha regulates the activities of different Srotas and is responsible for different types of Srotadusti which lead to formation of different diseases. The most unique character of Vata Dosha which makes it most unique among all the Doshas is its capability to accentuate the properties of other Doshas without losing its own character. For this unique character it can produce different diseases in association with other Doshas also. Thus Vata Dosha in its aggravated condition produces maximum number of diseases whereas in its normal condition it helps to maintain homeostasis of human body and acts as the most essential factor for sustenance of life.
Constraint Application Protocol (CoAP), an application layer based protocol, is a compressed version of HTTP protocol that is used for communication between lightweight resource constraint devices in ...Internet of Things (IoT) network. The CoAP protocol is generally associated with connectionless User Datagram Protocol (UDP) and works based on Representational State Transfer architecture. The CoAP is associated with Datagram Transport Layer Security (DTLS) protocol for establishing a secure session using the existing algorithms like Lightweight Establishment of Secure Session for communication between various IoT devices and remote server. However, several limitations regarding the key management, session establishment and multi-cast message communication within the DTLS layer are present in CoAP. Hence, development of an efficient protocol for secure session establishment of CoAP is required for IoT communication. Thus, to overcome the existing limitations related to key management and multicast security in CoAP, we have proposed an efficient and secure communication scheme to establish secure session key between IoT devices and remote server using lightweight elliptic curve cryptography (ECC). The proposed ECC-based CoAP is referred to as ECC-CoAP that provides a CoAP implementation for authentication in IoT network. A number of well-known cryptographic attacks are analyzed for validating the security strength of the ECC-CoAP and found that all these attacks are well defended. The performance analysis of the ECC-CoAP shows that our scheme is lightweight and secure.
This letter presents a polarization-reconfigurable compact slot antenna with reduced radar cross section (RCS) using an asymmetric cross-shaped metasurface (MS). The proposed MS can reconfigure the ...polarization of the slot antenna between right-hand circular polarization (RHCP), left-hand circular polarization (LHCP), and linear polarization (LP) by rotating it with respect to the center of the slot antenna. In addition, the MS reduces the RCS of the slot antenna significantly in all polarization states. The cross-slot MS is placed just over the planar slot antenna without any air gap. The simulated monostatic RCS of -19.5 dBsm is observed at 4.4 GHz for LHCP and RHCP cases and -17.0 dBsm for LP mode of operation. Antenna performance in terms of its input matching, far-field parameters, monostatic RCS, and axial ratio are measured at its three polarization states, which are in agreement with simulated results.
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