The concept of the signal-in-space (SIS) root-mean-square (RMS) user range error (URE) is used to evaluate the performance of multiple global navigation satellite systems (GNSSs); however, a complete ...analytical derivation has not been published. This article describes the instantaneous SIS URE and the instantaneous SIS RMS URE, explains the role of the instantaneous SIS RMS URE in evaluating the statistical accuracy of GNSS signals, and provides an analytical derivation of the instantaneous SIS RMS URE. This derivation is then compared to the equations found in various papers and performance standards to illustrate how the equations, although appearing different, actually measure the same quantity with differing constraints.
Objectives
The rapid spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 and the ensuing rise of the COVID‐19 pandemic have impacted healthcare unprecedentedly. With the scarcity of available ...resources, including healthcare providers themselves, novel methods for tracking aerosol and splatter in real time are required to alleviate demand and increase safety. This study evaluates the utility of riboflavin (vitamin B2) as a tracer for splatter/aerosol distribution from ultrasonic scaling in an open operatory clinic.
Material and Methods
In two experimental designs, ultrasonic scaling was performed on 18 volunteers or simulated on a manikin. Riboflavin was introduced into the irrigation system, and aerosol and splatter dissemination were evaluated for both experimental designs.
Results
Ultrasonic scaling utilizing riboflavin solution, in volunteers and manikins, leads to observable particle fluorescence under UV light. Contamination distribution varied across the different suction methods and between the volunteer and manikin trials. Nearly all observed incidences of contamination occurred within the operatory in use.
Conclusions
Riboflavin can be used with minimal risk during dental procedures and allows for the detection of droplet spread in clinical settings in real time.
ABSTRACT
BackgroundReturn to school supports are recommended to facilitate adolescents' re‐entry to school following a concussion. However, little is known as to what school stakeholders prefer for a ...return‐to‐school process. This study sought to describe the preferences of high school students, parents, and educators for a Return‐to‐School Framework for adolescents following a concussion.
MethodsWe conducted qualitative semi‐structured, 1‐on‐1 or group interviews with high school students (n = 6), parents (n = 5), and educators (n = 15) from Calgary, Canada. Interviews aimed to describe participants' preferences for a Return‐to‐School Framework for students following a concussion. Interviews were analyzed using conventional content analysis.
ResultsWe organized the data into 4 main themes: (1) purpose of the Return‐to‐School Framework; (2) format and operation of the Return‐to‐School Framework; (3) communication about a student's concussion; and (4) necessity of concussion education for students and educators.
Implications for School Health Policy, Practice, and EquityA Return‐to‐School Framework following concussion should be developed in consultation with families, educators, and students and supports should be tailored to each student.
ConclusionsParticipants preferred a standardized and consistent Return‐to‐School Framework including ongoing communication between stakeholders as well as feasible and individualized school supports.
Mitochondria play many essential roles in the cell, including energy production, regulation of Ca
homeostasis, lipid biosynthesis, and production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). These ...mitochondria-mediated processes take on specialized roles in neurons, coordinating aerobic metabolism to meet the high energy demands of these cells, modulating Ca
signaling, providing lipids for axon growth and regeneration, and tuning ROS production for neuronal development and function. Mitochondrial dysfunction is therefore a central driver in neurodegenerative diseases. Mitochondrial structure and function are inextricably linked. The morphologically complex inner membrane with structural infolds called cristae harbors many molecular systems that perform the signature processes of the mitochondrion. The architectural features of the inner membrane are ultrastructural and therefore, too small to be visualized by traditional diffraction-limited resolved microscopy. Thus, most insights on mitochondrial ultrastructure have come from electron microscopy on fixed samples. However, emerging technologies in super-resolution fluorescence microscopy now provide resolution down to tens of nanometers, allowing visualization of ultrastructural features in live cells. Super-resolution imaging therefore offers an unprecedented ability to directly image fine details of mitochondrial structure, nanoscale protein distributions, and cristae dynamics, providing fundamental new insights that link mitochondria to human health and disease. This protocol presents the use of stimulated emission depletion (STED) super-resolution microscopy to visualize the mitochondrial ultrastructure of live human neuroblastoma cells and primary rat neurons. This procedure is organized into five sections: (1) growth and differentiation of the SH-SY5Y cell line, (2) isolation, plating, and growth of primary rat hippocampal neurons, (3) procedures for staining cells for live STED imaging, (4) procedures for live cell STED experiments using a STED microscope for reference, and (5) guidance for segmentation and image processing using examples to measure and quantify morphological features of the inner membrane.
Physiotherapeutic treatment of pelvic floor dysfunction in women has variable outcomes, and identification of the predictors of outcomes is important in developing service provision and treatment ...planning. This study explored whether patient motivation affects treatment compliance and outcomes of physiotherapeutic treatment in a cohort of patients with pelvic floor dysfunction.
A prospective observational study of 141 adult female patients referred consecutively to the physiotherapy clinic of an urogynaecological outpatients unit at a UK hospital.
A 6-month (one group session per month) pelvic floor muscle training programme, which included a home exercise programme.
Modified Oxford Grading System and Queensland Pelvic Floor Questionnaire ratings of pelvic floor function were taken pre- and post-intervention, and the University of Rhode Island Change Assessment Scale assessed patient motivation to change pre-intervention.
Motivation to change predicted attendance at the intervention sessions and patient-rated improvements in function. Patients with higher baseline motivation to change also reported greater improvements in pelvic symptoms, given the same pelvic floor muscle strength improvement.
Patient motivation affects physiotherapeutic treatment adherence and outcomes, and should be considered as part of future assessment/screening procedures.
NCT02549157.
BACKGROUND: Chronic proton pump inhibitor administration has been associated with electrolyte and cobalamin deficiency, disrupted bone homeostasis, hypergastrinemia, and rebound acid hypersecretion ...in humans. It is unknown if this occurs in cats. OBJECTIVES: Prolonged oral omeprazole results in altered bone mineral density or content, serum calcium, magnesium, cobalamin, and gastrin concentrations in healthy cats. ANIMALS: Six healthy adult DSH cats. METHODS: In a within subjects, before and after design, cats received placebo followed by omeprazole (0.83–1.6 mg/kg PO q12h) for 60 days each. Analysis of serum calcium, magnesium, cobalamin, and gastrin concentrations was performed on days 0, 30, and 60. Bone density and content were evaluated on days 0 and 60 of each intervention. Continuous data were analyzed using a two‐way ANOVA (α = 0.006). On day 60 of omeprazole administration, continuous intragastric pH monitoring was performed in 2 cats to evaluate the effects of abrupt withdrawal of omeprazole. RESULTS: No significant changes were detected between treatments for any variables, except serum gastrin, which was significantly higher during omeprazole treatment in comparison to placebo (P = 0.002). Evidence of gastric hyperacidity was seen in both cats in which intragastric pH monitoring was performed following cessation of omeprazole. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: Although further studies with larger populations of cats will be needed to draw any definitive conclusions, these preliminary results suggest that prolonged PPI treatment results in hypergastrinemia and abrupt PPI withdrawal might result in RAH in cats.
Patellofemoral pain (PFP) is the most common injury in running and jumping athletes. Randomized controlled trials suggest that incorporating hip and core strengthening (HIP) with knee-focused ...rehabilitation (KNEE) improves PFP outcomes. However, no randomized controlled trials have, to our knowledge, directly compared HIP and KNEE programs.
To compare PFP pain, function, hip- and knee-muscle strength, and core endurance between KNEE and HIP protocols after 6 weeks of rehabilitation. We hypothesized greater improvements in (1) pain and function, (2) hip strength and core endurance for patients with PFP involved in the HIP protocol, and (3) knee strength for patients involved in the KNEE protocol.
Randomized controlled clinical trial.
Four clinical research laboratories in Calgary, Alberta; Chicago, Illinois; Milwaukee, Wisconsin; and Augusta, Georgia.
Of 721 patients with PFP screened, 199 (27.6%) met the inclusion criteria (66 men 31.2%, 133 women 66.8%, age = 29.0 ± 7.1 years, height = 170.4 ± 9.4 cm, weight = 67.6 ± 13.5 kg).
Patients with PFP were randomly assigned to a 6-week KNEE or HIP protocol.
Primary variables were self-reported visual analog scale and Anterior Knee Pain Scale measures, which were conducted weekly. Secondary variables were muscle strength and core endurance measured at baseline and at 6 weeks.
Compared with baseline, both the visual analog scale and the Anterior Knee Pain Scale improved for patients with PFP in both the HIP and KNEE protocols (P < .001), but the visual analog scale scores for those in the HIP protocol were reduced 1 week earlier than in the KNEE group. Both groups increased in strength (P < .001), but those in the HIP protocol gained more in hip-abductor (P = .01) and -extensor (P = .01) strength and posterior core endurance (P = .05) compared with the KNEE group.
Both the HIP and KNEE rehabilitation protocols produced improvements in PFP, function, and strength over 6 weeks. Although outcomes were similar, the HIP protocol resulted in earlier resolution of pain and greater overall gains in strength compared with the KNEE protocol.
Residency programs across the United States are searching for ways to improve surgical skills and operative experiences in obstetrics and gynecology residencies. We developed an obstetrics and ...gynecology residency program that offers a flexible curriculum, referred to as tracking, to address these needs. Curriculum content was developed using a modified Delphi method, using input from experts in medical education and obstetrics and gynecology. Outcome data were collected on trainees who graduated between 2016 and 2019, including postgraduate fellowship placement and our residentsʼ achievement of surgical minimum requirements based on procedure logs. Trainees from this program have consistently exceeded minimal surgical requirements in all areas, regardless of tracking preference. Since the beginning of the program in 2012, more than 60% of graduates have matriculated into fellowships. Flexible curricula, such as tracking, offer one approach to a changing climate of medicine. The ability to offer flexible, focused, and individualized training is an approach with great potential to produce graduates who excel in all areas of obstetrics and gynecology while sharpening skills specific to their areas of interest.
Letters Keith Emery, Emmett Van Reed, and Jonathan Lee
The Christian Science monitor (1983),
04/1998
Newspaper Article
I am compelled to write concerning "Sierra Club Schism: the Limits of Sharing," (April 21) the opinion piece on the turmoil over the Sierra Club's position on immigration as it relates to US ...population. The article states that "there are so many ways to lie with data." I would suggest that there are many more ways to lie without them. Perhaps the real reason to avoid data is that they often do not support the extreme positions that many environmentalists take. For example, despite the increase in population since the first Earth Day, air quality has improved significantly for most Americans. For this we can thank a better informed public, progressive environmental legislation, and technological innovations in pollution control. The author asks for proof "that life in a large dense city is ... as acceptable as life in a small city ..." Census data for the last 100 years document the exodus from village and farm to large cities. Given the freedom, many Americans choose to live in large metropolitan areas. These people apparently do not share the romantic view of pastoral life. In fact, I've heard numerous transplants from big cities lament the lack of diversions in rural communities.
The current paper provides an overview of treatment noncompliance at various points in the treatment pathway, especially with respect to treatment for Pelvic-floor Dysfunction (PFD). The effects of ...noncompliance on healthcare are considered, and examples of supporting patients psychologically to increase compliance are discussed. An outline of a method to identify costs of non-compliance, and where such costs most intensely impact the healthcare system, is provided. It is suggested that psychological support is effective in terms of increased compliance and improved healthcare economics. The model is presented for PFD, but the principles developed can be generalised to many aspects of healthcare.
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