Magnetic activity in Sun-like and low-mass stars causes X-ray coronal emission which is stronger for more rapidly rotating stars. This relation is often interpreted in terms of the Rossby number, ...i.e., the ratio of rotation period to convective overturn time. We reconsider this interpretation on the basis of the observed X-ray emission and rotation periods of 821 stars with masses below 1.4 M sub(middot in circle). A generalized analysis of the relation between X-ray luminosity normalized by bolometric luminosity, L sub(X)/L sub(bol), and combinations of rotational period, P, and stellar radius, R, shows that the Rossby formulation does not provide the solution with minimal scatter. Instead, we find that the relation L sub(X)/L sub(bol) is proportional to P super(-2)R super(-4) optimally describes the non-saturated fraction of the stars. This relation is equivalent to L sub(X) is proportional to P super(-2), indicating that the rotation period alone determines the total X-ray emission. Since L sub(X) is directly related to the magnetic flux at the stellar surface, this means that the surface flux is determined solely by the star's rotation and is independent of other stellar parameters. While a formulation in terms of a Rossby number would be consistent with these results if the convective overturn time scales exactly as L sub(bol) super(-1/2), our generalized approach emphasizes the need to test a broader range of mechanisms for dynamo action in cool stars.
Aims. We present a new library of high-resolution synthetic spectra based on the stellar atmosphere code PHOENIX that can be used for a wide range of applications of spectral analysis and stellar ...parameter synthesis. Methods. The spherical mode of PHOENIX was used to create model atmospheres and to derive detailed synthetic stellar spectra from them. We present a new self-consistent way of describing micro-turbulence for our model atmospheres. Results. The synthetic spectra cover the wavelength range from 500 Å to 5.5 μm with resolutions of R = 500 000 in the optical and near IR, R = 100 000 in the IR and Δλ = 0.1 Å in the UV. The parameter space covers 2300 K ≤ Teff ≤ 12 000 K, 0.0 ≤ log g ≤ +6.0, − 4.0 ≤ Fe/H ≤ +1.0, and − 0.2 ≤ α/Fe ≤ +1.2. The library is a work in progress and we expect to extend it up to Teff = 25 000 K.
In a volume-limited sample of 63 ultracool dwarfs of spectral type M7-M9.5, we have obtained high-resolution spectroscopy with UVES at the Very Large Telescope and HIRES at Keck Observatory. In this ...second paper, we present projected rotation velocities, average magnetic field strengths, and chromospheric emission from the Halpha line. We confirm earlier results that the mean level of normalized Halpha luminosity decreases with lower temperature, and we find that the scatter among Halpha luminosities is larger at lower temperature. We measure average magnetic fields between 0 and 4 kG with no indication for a dependence on temperature between M7 and M9.5. For a given temperature, Halpha luminosity is related to magnetic field strength, consistent with results in earlier stars. A few very slowly rotating stars show very weak magnetic fields and Halpha emission, and all stars rotating faster than our detection limit show magnetic fields of at least a few hundred Gauss. In contrast to earlier-type stars, we observe magnetic fields weaker than 1 kG in stars rotating faster than {approx}3 km s{sup -1}, but we find no correlation between rotation and magnetic flux generation among them. We interpret this as a fundamental change in the dynamo mechanism; in ultracool dwarfs, magnetic field generation is predominantly achieved by a turbulent dynamo, while other mechanisms can operate more efficiently at earlier spectral types.
We present results from a high-resolution spectroscopic survey of 45 L dwarfs, which includes both very low mass stars and brown dwarfs. Our spectra allow us to derive a significant number of new ...rotational velocities, and discover a slowly rotating (in projected velocity) L dwarf that allows more accurate measurement of spectroscopic rotations for these objects. We measure chromospheric activity (and often its variability) through the H alpha emission line. Our primary new result is good evidence that magnetic braking dominates the angular momentum evolution of even brown dwarfs, although spindown times appear to increase as mass decreases. We confirm that activity decreases as effective temperature decreases, although a larger fraction of L dwarfs are active than has previously been reported. Essentially all active objects are also variable. We confirm the lack of a rotation-activity connection for L dwarfs. We find a minimum limit for rotational velocities that increases with later spectral types, rising from near zero in older mid-M stars to more than 20 km s super(-1) for mid-L objects. There is strong evidence that all L dwarfs are rapid rotators. We derive a braking law that can depend on either temperature or mass which can explain all the rotational results and provides an age dependence for the angular momentum evolution. It is clear that angular momentum loss mechanisms in smaller and cooler objects become more inefficient, starting at the fully convective boundary.
More than 600 high resolution spectra of stars with spectral type F and later were obtained in order to search for signatures of differential rotation in line profiles. In 147 stars the rotation law ...could be measured, with 28 of them found to be differentially rotating. Comparison to rotation laws in stars of spectral type A reveals that differential rotation sets in at the convection boundary in the HR-diagram; no star that is significantly hotter than the convection boundary exhibits the signatures of differential rotation. Four late A-/early F-type stars close to the convection boundary and at $v\,\sin{i} \approx 100$ km s-1 show extraordinarily strong absolute shear at short rotation periods around one day. It is suggested that this is due to their small convection zone depth and that it is connected to a narrow range in surface velocity; the four stars are very similar in Teff and $v\,\sin{i}$. Detection frequencies of differential rotation $\alpha = \Delta\Omega/\Omega > 0$ were analyzed in stars with varying temperature and rotation velocity. Measurable differential rotation is more frequent in late-type stars and slow rotators. The strength of absolute shear, $\Delta\Omega$, and differential rotation α are examined as functions of the stellar effective temperature and rotation period. The highest values of $\Delta\Omega$ are found at rotation periods between two and three days. In slower rotators, the strongest absolute shear at a given rotation rate $\Delta\Omega_{\rm max}$ is given approximately by $\Delta\Omega_{\rm max} \propto P^{-1}$, i.e., $\alpha_{\rm max} \approx$ const. In faster rotators, both $\alpha_{\rm max}$ and $\Delta\Omega_{\rm max}$ diminish less rapidly. A comparison with differential rotation measurements in stars of later spectral type shows that F-stars exhibit stronger shear than cooler stars do and the upper boundary in absolute shear $\Delta\Omega$ with temperature is consistent with the temperature-scaling law found in Doppler Imaging measurements.
We investigate the effect of stellar activity and flares on short-term radial velocity measurements in the mid-M flare star CN Leo. Radial velocity variations are calculated from 181 UVES spectra ...obtained during three nights. We searched for spectral orders that contain very few atmospheric absorption lines and calibrated them against the telluric A-band from O2 in the Earth's atmosphere. One giant flare occurred during our observations, which has a very strong effect on radial velocity. The apparent radial velocity shift due to the flare is several hundred m s-1 and clearly correlated with Hα emission. Outside the flare, only spectral orders containing the most prominent emission lines of H, He, and Ca show a correlation to chromospheric activity together with a radial velocity jitter exceeding a few 10 m s-1. We identify a number of spectral orders that are free of strong emission lines and show no flaring-related radial velocity jitter, although flares occurred as strong as 0.4 dex in normalized Hα luminosity. The mean radial velocity jitter due to moderate flaring is less than 10 m s-1. Strong flares are easily recognized directly in the spectra and should be neglected for planet searches.
We present a new solar flux atlas with the aim of understanding wavelength precision and accuracy in solar benchmark data. The atlas covers the wavelength range 405−2300 nm and was observed at the ...Institut für Astrophysik, Göttingen (IAG), with a Fourier transform spectrograph (FTS). In contrast to other FTS atlases, the entire visible wavelength range was observed simultaneously using only one spectrograph setting. We compare the wavelength solution of the new atlas to the Kitt Peak solar flux atlases and to the HARPS frequency-comb calibrated solar atlas. Comparison reveals systematics in the two Kitt Peak FTS atlases resulting from their wavelength scale construction, and shows consistency between the IAG and the HARPS atlas. We conclude that the IAG atlas is precise and accurate on the order of ± 10 m s-1 in the wavelength range 405−1065 nm, while the Kitt Peak atlases show deviations as large as several ten to 100 m s-1. We determine absolute convective blueshift across the spectrum from the IAG atlas and report slight differences relative to results from the Kitt Peak atlas that we attribute to the differences between wavelength scales. We conclude that benchmark solar data with accurate wavelength solution are crucial to better understand the effect of convection on stellar radial velocity measurements, which is one of the main limitations of Doppler spectroscopy at m s -1 precision.
Very little is known about magnetic fields of extrasolar planets and brown dwarfs. We use the energy flux scaling law presented by Christensen et al. to calculate the evolution of average magnetic ...fields in extrasolar planets and brown dwarfs under the assumption of fast rotation, which is probably the case for most of them. We find that massive brown dwarfs of about 70 MJup can have fields of a few kilo-Gauss during the first few hundred Million years. These fields can grow by a factor of two before they weaken after deuterium burning has stopped. Brown dwarfs with weak deuterium burning and extrasolar giant planets start with magnetic fields between ~100 G and ~1 kG at the age of a few Myr, depending on their mass. Their magnetic field weakens steadily until after 10 Gyr it has shrunk by about a factor of 10. We use observed X-ray luminosities to estimate the age of the known extrasolar giant planets that are more massive than 0.3 MJup and closer than 20 pc. Taking into account the age estimate, and assuming sun-like wind-properties and radio emission processes similar to those at Jupiter, we calculate their radio flux and its frequency. The highest radio flux we predict comes out as 700 mJy at a frequency around 150 MHz for τ Boo b, but the flux is below 60 mJy for the rest. Most planets are expected to emit radiation between a few Mhz and up to 100 MHz, well above the ionospheric cutoff frequency.
Flat-relative optimal extraction Zechmeister, M; Anglada-Escude, G; Reiners, A
Astronomy and astrophysics (Berlin),
1/2014, Letnik:
561
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Context. Optimal extraction is a key step in processing the raw images of spectra as registered by two-dimensional detector arrays to a one-dimensional format. Previously reported algorithms ...reconstruct models for a mean one-dimensional spatial profile to assist a properly weighted extraction. Aims. We outline a simple optimal extraction algorithm (including error propagation), which is very suitable for stabilised, fibre-fed spectrographs and does not model the spatial profile shape. Methods. A high signal-to-noise ratio, master-flat image serves as reference image and is directly used as an extraction profile mask. Each extracted spectral value is the scaling factor relative to the cross-section of the unnormalised master flat that contains all information about the spatial profile, as well as pixel-to-pixel variations, fringing, and blaze. The extracted spectrum is measured relative to the flat spectrum. Results. Using echelle spectra of the HARPS spectrograph we demonstrate a competitive extraction performance in terms of a signal-to-noise ratio and show that extracted spectra can be used for high precision radial velocity measurement. Conclusions. Pre- or post-flat-fielding of the data is not necessary, since all spectrograph inefficiencies inherent to the extraction mask are automatically accounted for. Also the reconstruction of the mean spatial profile by models is not needed, thereby reducing the number of operations to extract spectra. Flat-relative optimal extraction is a simple, efficient, and robust method that can be applied easily to stabilised, fibre-fed spectrographs.
Context.
The detection of Earth-mass exoplanets in the habitable zone around solar-mass stars using the radial velocity technique requires extremely high precision, on the order of 10 cm s
−1
. This ...puts the required noise floor below the intrinsic variability of even relatively inactive stars, such as the Sun. One such variable is convective blueshift varying temporally, spatially, and between spectral lines.
Aims.
We develop a new approach for measuring convective blueshift and determine the strength of convective blueshift for 810 stars observed by the HARPS spectrograph, spanning spectral types late-F, G, K, and early-M. We derive a model for infering blueshift velocity for lines of any depth in later-type stars of any effective temperature.
Methods.
Using a custom list of spectral lines, covering a wide range of absorption depths, we create a model for the line-core shift as a function of line depth, commonly known as the third signature of granulation. For this we utilize an extremely-high-resolution solar spectrum (
R
~ 1 000 000) to empirically account for the nonlinear nature of the third signature. The solar third signature is then scaled to all 810 stars. Through this we obtain a measure of the convective blueshift relative to the Sun as a function of stellar effective temperature.
Results.
We confirm the general correlation of increasing convective blueshift with effective temperature and establish a tight, cubic relation between the two that strongly increases for stars above ~5800 K. For stars between ~4100 and ~4700 K we show, for the first time, a plateau in convective shift and a possible onset of a plateau for stars above 6000 K. Stars below ~4000 K show neither blueshift nor redshift. We provide a table that lists expected blueshift velocities for each spectral subtype in the data set to quickly access the intrinsic noise floor through convective blueshift for the radial velocity technique.
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