An overview of the Late Pleistocene and Holocene stratigraphy of the southeastern White Sea region is presented in the paper, based upon the analysis of published data, new results, and correlation ...between marine and terrestrial archives. The Pleistocene stratigraphic record in the southeastern White Sea region begins with Mikulino Horizon, which comprises the whole MIS 5 and is composed of marine sediments – sands, sandy clays and clays – with Boreal, Arctic–Boreal and Lusitanean–Boreal microfauna and mollusc fauna, dated back at 161–77 ka. The Podporozhie Horizon in the southeastern White Sea region comprises the MIS 4 (71–57 ka) complex of marine mostly near-shore sediments. The glaciation during MIS 4 was localized, on one hand, within the Kola Peninsula. On the other hand, the glacier probably overlapped the Kanin Peninsula and the Mezen Bay, however the Gorlo Strait was not blocked and the northward river outflow was preserved. The Leningrad Horizon had been formed also in the marine sedimentation pattern during the MIS 3 (57–29 ka). However, the lack of data in the region allows us to make only the comparative analysis. The Ostashkov Horizon (MIS 2, 29–11.7 ka) is composed of the deposits of glacial paragenetic series: tills, glaciofluvial, glaciomarine, and glaciolacustrine deposits, but also comprises the deglaciation (Late Glacial) sedimentary complex including marginal tills. The Holocene stratigraphic record is subdivided into three stages – 11.7–9.5, 9.5–3.5 and 3.5–0 ka BP, and do not match with new formal stratigraphic subdivision of the Holocene series.
Fiard coasts are common on the periphery of the areas previously covered by ice sheets. The conditions in such areas are favorable for separation of bays and straits from the sea. As a result of the ...glacial isostatic adjustment of the area the fiards would be transformed into coastal lakes. To discover the regularities of evolution of such water bodies, we studied topography, sea and lake sediments, hydrology and diatom associations of meromictic Lake Kislo-Sladkoe at the Karelian Coast of the Kandalaksha Bay, the White Sea, Russia (66°32′54″N, 33°08′05″E). Detailed geomorphological, geodetic, bathymetric, and aerial imagery field works have been completed on the coastal area. We built a Digital Elevation Model (DEM) of the coast and seabed. Radioisotope dating (210Pb, 14С), grain size distribution, loss on ignition, Corg/Norg ratio and diatom analysis have been completed for the entire 1.5-m sequence of the Lake's sediments. Currently, the Lake Kislo-Sladkoe communicates with the sea through a rising sill. We have established that the water body is meromictic due to its upper water layer being of variable salinity, middle layer comprising of aerated salty water, and the near-bottom water layer being anaerobic. However, several-year-long periods of water stratification alternate there with occasional late-autumn or early-winter flushes. The water body evolution falls into four stages: (1) a strait with an active hydrodynamic environment (prior to 1500–1560s), (2) a strait with a variable hydrodynamic environment (1500–1560s to 1850–1890s), (3) a semi-isolated lagoon with a quiet hydrodynamic environment (1850–1890s to early 1950s), and (4) a meromictic lake at an early stage of separation from the sea (early 1950s to present). We show how coastal processes on fiard coasts change the mode and duration of isolation of coastal water bodies from the sea. Based on the assessment of the rate of the post-glacial rebound and hydrological conditions of the coastal area we propose an approach to estimating the duration of transitional phase between a marine bay or strait and freshwater lake, including its meromictic stage. We predict that the meromictic stage of the lake will be completed no earlier than c. 100–200 years after the sill rises above the tidal zone.
This study presents the results of lithological, diatom, geochemical analyses and radiocarbon chronology of the bottom lake sediments and peat bogs in the central part of the Onega Peninsula (the ...southern coast of the White Sea): Lake Maloye Murakanskoye (11.0 m a.s.l.), Lake Zhirovskoye (9.5 m a.s.l.), Lake Murakanskoye (7 m a.s.l.), and the Gorbovatiy Mokh bog (6.5 m a.s.l.). The bottom topography and sediments of Lake Murakanskoye were examined using sonar and ground penetration radar (GPR) survey, whereas in the other locations only the water depth was measured. Then, the digital models of the lake bottom topography were created. As an additional indicator of the relative sea-level (RSL) position, we used data on the altitude of the coastal terraces. Evidences of two transgressions in the White Sea (late glacial and Middle Holocene) are revealed. The transgressions were interrupted by two regressions (Early and Late Holocene). Our studies do not allow us to make a clear conclusion about the time and maximum level of the late glacial transgression. However, we may suggest that its level was above 11 m a.s.l. The regression of the Early Holocene started before 10.6–10.2 ka cal BP when the water level in the study area dropped below the altitude of 11m. At 9.4–9.1 ka cal BP the RSL was at an altitude of ca 7m. The Middle Holocene transgression (Tapes) started after 8.4 ka cal BP. The maximum level was reached before 7.4 ka cal BP and did not exceed an altitude of 9.5 m. The RSL stabilized at an altitude about 8.5–8 m during 7.4–6.0 ka cal BP. During 6.0–3.9 ka cal BP RSL very slowly decreased or fluctuated by the level of 8–7 m. RSL began to fall from the 7 m altitude about 4.0–3.9 ka cal BP and by 2.7–2.3 ka cal BP the sea-level reached 4.5 m. After that RSL dropped to its modern position. During the last 4.0 ka cal BP the rate of RSL fall was approximately 0.17–0.18 cm/year.
ABSTRACT
The generation of reliable age models for palaeoenvironmental and archaeological records in the Eurasian Arctic is often problematic when using conventional dating techniques. ...Tephrochronology can potentially improve the chronologies of such records and synchronise disparate sedimentary archives. However, to date, systematic tephra studies are lacking for this region. This paper presents the first cryptotephra data from the White Sea region (northwestern Russia) based on a peat core spanning the past ~1800 years. We identify seven geochemical glass populations that derive from six Icelandic volcanoes and correlate four of them to north European tephra isochrons; these include Askja ad 1875, the basaltic component of the ad 877 Landnám tephra, and tephras BTD‐15 (c. ad 1750–1650) and SL‐2/SB‐2 (ad 803–767) from unknown eruptions of Katla and Snæfellsjökull, respectively. The remaining three populations originate from Grímsvötn, Hekla and Katla; however, their attribution to individual eruptions remains ambiguous. These findings highlight the potential to extend the Late Holocene tephrochronological framework of northern Europe to the west Eurasian Arctic. The detection of at least three basaltic tephras in the core suggests that basaltic shards can be transported over larger distances than previously known and that peatlands are well suited to preserve such components.
Introduction. Maintaining students’ psychological and physical health requires understanding all the factors affecting children’s development. The purpose of this study is to assess the impact of ...stress factors, inadequate nutrition and low physical activity on schoolchildren’s health. Materials and Methods. The research uses general theoretical, empirical and statistical methods. The article reviews scholarly literature on the problem of stress in school-aged children, as well as sources containing relevant statistical data. I order to understand the degree of influence of stress and its accompanying factors on the health of schoolchildren aged 11-12 years, the authors conducted an empirical study at the regional prevention center called "Center for public health". The study was divided into two stages. At the first stage, medical research was carried out in accordance with the guidelines "Providing medical care to the children's population in health centers for children". The main indicators of physical health (blood pressure, cholesterol and glucose levels, electrocardiography) were measured during the medical study. At the second stage, a questionnaire containing questions about habits and living conditions was applied. The methods used for analyzing data obtained during the study include linear distribution analysis, two-dimensional analysis of conjugacy tables, and cluster analysis. The sample consisted of 3241 students of secondary schools (aged 11-12 years) in the Altai region (the Russian Federation). Results. The participants of the study demonstrated high stress level and signs of depression. The study found accompanying risk factors for illnesses. They include poor nutrition and low physical activity. The relationship between stress and cardiac arrhythmia measured by ECG was established. A correlation was found between leading a healthy lifestyle and a minimum amount of stress in schoolchildren and their learning achievements. Conclusions. Based on statistical analysis of the research data, the authors conclude that there are significant physiological and psychological deviations in the health indicators of schoolchildren: cholesterol levels, blood pressure, indicators of stress and depression, physical activity, violation of the principles of rational nutrition and obesity. Based on the survey data, the authors conclude that children are aware of the need for a healthy lifestyle, but do not lead it.
Introduction. Maintaining students’ psychological and physical health requires understanding all the factors affecting children’s development. The purpose of this study is to assess the impact of ...stress factors, inadequate nutrition and low physical activity on schoolchildren’s health. Materials and Methods. The research uses general theoretical, empirical and statistical methods. The article reviews scholarly literature on the problem of stress in school-aged children, as well as sources containing relevant statistical data. I order to understand the degree of influence of stress and its accompanying factors on the health of schoolchildren aged 11-12 years, the authors conducted an empirical study at the regional prevention center called "Center for public health". The study was divided into two stages. At the first stage, medical research was carried out in accordance with the guidelines "Providing medical care to the children's population in health centers for children". The main indicators of physical health (blood pressure, cholesterol and glucose levels, electrocardiography) were measured during the medical study. At the second stage, a questionnaire containing questions about habits and living conditions was applied. The methods used for analyzing data obtained during the study include linear distribution analysis, two-dimensional analysis of conjugacy tables, and cluster analysis. The sample consisted of 3241 students of secondary schools (aged 11-12 years) in the Altai region (the Russian Federation). Results. The participants of the study demonstrated high stress level and signs of depression. The study found accompanying risk factors for illnesses. They include poor nutrition and low physical activity. The relationship between stress and cardiac arrhythmia measured by ECG was established. A correlation was found between leading a healthy lifestyle and a minimum amount of stress in schoolchildren and their learning achievements. Conclusions. Based on statistical analysis of the research data, the authors conclude that there are significant physiological and psychological deviations in the health indicators of schoolchildren: cholesterol levels, blood pressure, indicators of stress and depression, physical activity, violation of the principles of rational nutrition and obesity. Based on the survey data, the authors conclude that children are aware of the need for a healthy lifestyle, but do not lead it.
Aim. To evaluate the availability and affordability of medicines used to treat of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) in several regions of the Russian Federation with different climatic, geographic, ...economic and demographic characteristics. Material and methods. The study was conducted in 6 regional capitals, chosen to differ in geographically, economically, and demographically. In each city, 5 pharmacies providing free medicines to certain categories of citizens (beneficiaries) and 5 private pharmacies serving anyone were selected at random. Medicine availability was assessed in all pharmacies, along with price only in the private pharmacies. Data were obtained for both original drug and appropriate generics. A list of 25 of the most frequently prescribed medicines for cardiovascular diseases was compiled. Results. Some general findings emerged. With the existence of a generic drug, the original drug was not available in the pharmacy supplying beneficiaries. Diuretics, as well as some ACE inhibitors, are not available in a number of pharmacies for beneficiaries. Enalapril in most licensed pharmacies is represented by generics, lisinopril in a number of cities is represented by both the original drug and generics. The presence of sartans was much lower than ACE inhibitors. Bisoprolol was most common beta-blocker. Calcium antagonists: if amlodipine was present in all licensed pharmacies, at list as generic, then nifedipine was not available in many licensed pharmacies. Among antiplatelet agents, aspirin was available in most pharmacies, and clopidogrel was mostly represented by generics. As for statins, only simvastatin could be found in almost all pharmacies. When analyzing the cost of drugs in licensed pharmacies, it was found that drugs containing furosemide are the cheapest among generics – about 17 rubles. The most expensive treatment with generics of rosuvastatin – about 4,374 rubles a month. The most expensive original medicine was also rosuvastatin – about 4,500 rubles for 30 tablets, the cheapest – the original drug of furosemide – about 35 rubles. On average, the cost of CVD treatment with major classes of drugs, including ACE inhibitor, beta-blocker, antiplatelet drug and statin, is 1,921.9 rubles per month. Conclusion. The basic cardiovascular medicines were characterized by a relatively high availability in 6 regions of the Russian Federation included in the analysis both by the criterion of the availability of drugs and by the criterion of the minimum price.
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