Resumen
Os estudos sobre trabalho doméstico demostram que os assédios sexuais contra as trabalhadoras domésticas por parte dos empregadores representam um problema difundido em todo o mundo. No ...Brasil, é uma questão amplamente conhecida, cujas características remetem ao passado de escravidão. Nesse artigo apresento os dados de uma pesquisa entre trabalhadoras domésticas e sindicalistas que foram entrevistadas com o objetivo de examinar esse fenômeno, colocando‐o em relação às condições de trabalho, ao racismo e sexismo presentes na sociedade brasileira. Examino de forma detalhada as reações das mulheres aos assédios sexuais e à questão do silêncio que envolve essa forma de violência, sugerindo que o silêncio das trabalhadoras sobre as experiências de assédio no emprego deve ser interpretado como uma forma de reação e resiliência, relacionadas a uma situação mais ampla de opressão social. antropologia social, Brasil, classe, gênero, raça, trabalho
The literature has shown that sexual harassment and assault of domestic workers in the workplace is a problem globally. It is widespread in Brazil, where it is closely linked to the country's slave‐owning past. This article uses interviews with domestic workers and union organizers to investigate this issue in relation to the conditions that characterize domestic work and the racism and sexism in Brazilian society. The analysis focuses on women's reactions to sexual assault and the silence surrounding it. I argue that women's silence in relation to their experiences of sexual assault should be interpreted as a form of agency and resilience within a broader context of social oppression. Brazil, class, gender, labor, race, social anthropology
Cet article propose une analyse du travail domestique rémunéré en relation avec le
sexage (Guillaumin, 1978), c’est-à-dire le rapport d’appropriation de la classe des femmes
par la classe des hommes, ...en observant également comment ce rapport d’appropriation
s’entrecroise avec l’oppression de classe et de race. L’article s’appuie sur les données
recueillies lors d’une recherche anthropologique menée au Brésil entre 2013 et 2017, pendant
laquelle j’ai interviewé des travailleuses domestiques et des activistes des Syndicats de
travailleuses domestiques, dans leur grande majorité noires, d’origine indigène et de classe
populaire.
Les conditions de travail, ainsi que les revendications des travailleuses
domestiques, exposent un mécanisme crucial du sexage : le fait que les femmes ont le statut
d’outil d’entretien, statut dont Guillaumin nous rappelle qu’il est constamment non reconnu.
Leurs luttes et les obstacles rencontrés démontrent également comment cette appropriation
des corps des femmes est traversée par le racisme et les inégalités de classe, en produisant
des formes spécifiques d’oppression et des différences dans les conditions de vie des
femmes.
L’article présente une recherche qui a été conduite au Brésil parmi des travailleuses domestiques et des syndicalistes sur le harcèlement sexuel de la part des employeurs. Les données recueillies ...indiquent la difficulté, pour différentes raisons, à toucher ce sujet, à la fois dans la littérature scientifique, dans les relations entre syndicalistes et travailleuses, et pendant l’entretien. Le silence est une des façons de réagir aux multiples formes de violence qui sont présentes dans le harcèlement sexuel, une réponse stratégique qui s’enracine dans les conditions de vie des travailleuses. L’article montre, en fait, que les expériences de harcèlement sexuel ne peuvent être comprises que si on élargit l’analyse aux conditions structurelles de vie des travailleuses domestiques, marquées par le racisme, l’inégalité de classe, et le sexisme, et que celles-ci déterminent en même temps les réactions qui sont mises en place par ces femmes.
This book analyzes experiences of upper-middle-class white men living in wealthy parts of Rio de Janeiro. The author investigates what it means to be classified as a white person and a man in a ...society that is known for its valorization of racial mixing and yet deeply structured by racism, class, and gender inequalities.
Cet article propose une analyse des luttes des travailleuses domestiques au Brésil, à partir de deux recherches de terrain. Nous considérons l’imbrication du racisme, du sexisme et de l’inégalité de ...classe dans leurs vies et luttes, et dans leur rapport avec les mouvements noir, féministe et les syndicats de travailleurs. Si cette imbrication des rapports sociaux produit des formes d’oppression multiples, elle est également un ressort pour les luttes collectives des travailleuses domestiques leur permettant de former des alliances qui ont mené à la promulgation d’une loi garantissant des droits à la catégorie en 2015. Cependant, le caractère intersectionnel de leurs revendications a également produit des tensions et des conflits avec leurs alliés, limitant la portée de leur succès.
Neste artigo, discuto as experiências de aprendizado de uma sexualidade heterossexual, racializada e classista através da análise de relatos biográficos de um grupo de homens entre 43 e 60 anos, do ...Rio de Janeiro, que se autodefinem corno brancos. Em particular, examino os relatos dos entrevistados sobre aquelas que, durante a entrevista, foram definidas como "relações sexuais de iniciação" com trabalhadoras domésticas e, em menor escala, com prostitutas, tidas durante a adolescência. Tratase da análise de uma relação de poder descrita por quem a exerceu. A análise das entrevistas evidencia como essas experiências não só contribuíram para a produção da sexualidade dos homens entrevistados, mas também são elemento central na definição do pertencimento de classe e cor. In this paper I discuss apprenticeship experiences of a heterosexual, raciaiized and class based sexuality in a group of upper-middle class men self-identifying as white, ranging from 43 to 60 years old, in Rio de Janeiro. I examine respondents' accounts on what was defined during the interview as "sexual initiation" with female domestic workers or prostitutes during their adolescence. I concentrate on the analysis of a relationship of domination as it is described by who exercises domination. This analysis discloses how these experiences participate in the production of men's sexuality, and at the same time determine their color and class identity.
In this paper I discuss the experiences of silence related to two fieldworks in Brazil, during which I was investigating the topic of sexual harassment against female domestic workers by male ...employers. In the first fieldwork I interviewed a group of upper-middle class men self-identifying themselves as white. With the aim of investigating their apprenticeship of whiteness and masculinity, I asked them to talk about their first sexual experiences; some of them talked with ease about their «sexual initiation» with female domestic workers. Men presented these «sexual initiations» as a form of «normal» violence, well known in Brazilian society. Even if for those men it was easy to name these harassments, I had to face the way they silenced the multiple forms of domination included in them (sexual, racial and class). In the second fieldwork, I interviewed female domestic workers and union organizer (most of them black) asking them to talk about the problem of sexual harassments by male employers. Contrary to the men who had practiced this violence, for female domestic workers it was much harder to talk about it: silence was the main code to relate to this experience, and I had to find out the right words to approach the question. Comparing these two fieldwork experiences I will consider how silence can be at the same time a way to legitimate power relations and to contrast them. I will also reflect on silence’s role in the ethnographic relations.
This essay presents some of the main contributions of Nicole-Claude Mathieu’s work to anthropology and feminist theory. The first section is devoted to framing Mathieu’s production within French ...materialist feminism. The ethnologist repeatedly recalls how the forms of oppression experienced by women as a minority group in social relations of sex and the struggles that ensue underlie the epistemological transformations that invest disciplinary knowledge from a feminist perspective. Next, the article addresses the three different ways of conceptualising the relationship between sex and gender and the introduction of the category of social sex to denaturalize sex, understood as a political category. Its analysis is thus compared with some of the contributions of decolonial feminism regarding the category of gender. Just as in her study of the category of sex, we also find in the analysis of androcentrism in anthropology her ability to question the dominant frameworks of ethnological thought. In particular, Mathieu delves into the relationship between androcentrism, ethnocentrism, and naturalism to understand not only how they operate distortions in the production of ethnographic and ethnological knowledge, but also how they define the framework within which to define the relationship between Western “us” and non-Western “others” in reference to social relations of sex.
This article presents data gathered from research on whiteness among upper-middle class men in Rio de Janeiro who define themselves as white. The research project builds on the theoretical framework ...of Critical Whiteness Studies and aims to analyze whiteness in order to develop the study of racism in Brazilian society. In extracts from the interviews, some men referred to their black nanny to define their whiteness, even though whiteness was considered socially invisible during the interview. The article therefore focuses on how these men experienced whiteness through the interlinks between color, gender and class hierarchies. //ABSTRACT IN PORTUGUESE: Neste artigo apresento dados de uma pesquisa realizada entre homens de classe média-alta do Rio de Janeiro, que se autodefinem como brancos. A pesquisa se insere no debate dos critical whiteness studies e tem como objetivo compreender a branquitude para avançar no estudo do racismo na sociedade brasileira. A análise de trechos de entrevistas demonstra como alguns entrevistados recorrem à figura da própria babá negra para poder dar um contorno à própria branquitude, embora a neguem como dado social no restante da entrevista. Neste sentido, discuto como a experiência da branquitude para esses entrevistados se concretizou no entrelaçamento entre as hierarquias de cor, gênero e classe.
In this paper I analyse how the narrative discourse about the presumed specific characteristics of Portuguese colonization in Brazil moulded racism in Brazil and Portugal. Recently in Portugal there ...have been episodes of police violence against black people. These episodes have to be considered not only as the product of contemporary racism and its links with neoliberalism effects on marginalized groups, but also as the product of racist and colonial Portuguese ideology. In the case of Brazil, Portuguese colonization is a key element to comprehend the national ideology of mestiçagem, and the false idea of inclusion of African descendants in Brazilian culture that it conveys. The restrictive valorisation (Guillaumin, 1972) of black and indigenous people presents in Brazilian racist ideology is in effect rooted in the Portuguese model of colonization which has been represented as more “human” since the slavery time. Portuguese men are been described as particularly open to mingle with colonized people, especially women, of other cultures and “races”. The notion of lusotropicalism, with its celebrating spirit, has contributed to establish this representation and it has legitimized Portuguese colonization and exploitation also in Africa. These harmful representations of Portuguese colonization and lusotropicalism ideology have thus produced the double effect of negating racism in both Brazil and Portugal
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