“… the best handbook on membrane technology, which is currently on the market... ”–Membrane News (on the previous edition)Building on the success of the previous edition, Membrane Technology and ...Applications Third Editionprovides a comprehensive overview of separation membranes, their manufacture and their applications. Beginning with a series of general chapters on membrane preparation, transport theory and concentration polarization, the book then surveys several major areas of membrane application in separate chapters. Written in a readily accessible style, each chapter covers its membrane subject thoroughly, from historical and theoretical backgrounds through to current and potential applications. Topics include reverse osmosis, ultrafiltration, pervaporation, microfiltration, gas separation and coupled and facilitated transport; chapters on electrodialysis and medical applications round out the coverage.NEW TO THE THIRD EDITIONNew sections on the use of membranes in the chlor-alkali industry, membrane distillation, pressure retarded osmosis and constant flux-variable pressure ultrafiltrationZeolite and ceramic membranes, submerged membrane modules, and fuel cell membranesSubstantially enhanced chapters on ultrafiltration, pervaporation and membrane contactorsUpdates to every chapter to reflect the developments in the field
Drawing freely and expertly from Continental and analytic traditions, Richard Bernstein examines a number of debates and controversies exemplified in the works of Gadamer, Habermas, Rorty, and ...Arendt. He argues that a "new conversation" is emerging about human rationality-a new understanding that emphasizes its practical character and has important ramifications both for thought and action.
This Handbook offers a comprehensive and reliable introduction to Christian theological literature originating in Western Europe, from roughly the end of the French Wars of Religion (1598) to the ...Congress of Vienna (1815). Approaching from various angles theology from Bossuet to Jonathan Edwards, the volume will review the major forms of early modern theology (scholastic, including Cartesian scholasticism; Enlightenment; early Romanticism, etc.); sketch the teachings, with main developments, on major theological topics; introduce the principal practitioners of each kind of theology and delineate their particular theological contributions and emphases; and depict the engagement by early modern theologians with various other philosophical, social, and religious currents.
The first reference on this rapidly growing topic provides an essential up-to-date guide to current and emerging trends. A group of international experts has been carefully selected by the editors to ...cover all the central aspects, with a focus on molecular species while also including industrial applications. The resulting unique overview is a must-have for researchers, both in academia and industry, who are entering or already working in the field.
The wing patterns of butterflies and moths (Lepidoptera) are diverse and striking examples of evolutionary diversification by natural selection. Lepidopteran wing colour patterns are a key ...innovation, consisting of arrays of coloured scales. We still lack a general understanding of how these patterns are controlled and whether this control shows any commonality across the 160,000 moth and 17,000 butterfly species. Here, we use fine-scale mapping with population genomics and gene expression analyses to identify a gene, cortex, that regulates pattern switches in multiple species across the mimetic radiation in Heliconius butterflies. cortex belongs to a fast-evolving subfamily of the otherwise highly conserved fizzy family of cell-cycle regulators, suggesting that it probably regulates pigmentation patterning by regulating scale cell development. In parallel with findings in the peppered moth (Biston betularia), our results suggest that this mechanism is common within Lepidoptera and that cortex has become a major target for natural selection acting on colour and pattern variation in this group of insects.
This paper presents a first assessment of the global effects of climate-induced sea-level rise on the erosion of sandy beaches, and its consequent impacts in the form of land loss and forced ...migration of people. We consider direct erosion on open sandy coasts and indirect erosion near selected tidal inlets and estuaries, using six global mean sea-level scenarios (in the range of 0.2–0.8m) and six SRES socio-economic development scenarios for the 21st century. Impacts are assessed both without and with adaptation in the form of shore and beach nourishment, based on cost-benefit analysis that includes the benefits of maintaining sandy beaches for tourism. Without nourishment, global land loss would amount to about 6000–17,000km2 during the 21st century, leading to 1.6–5.3million people being forced to migrate and migration costs of US$ 300–1000billion (not discounted). Optimal beach and shore nourishment would cost about US$ 65–220billion (not discounted) during the 21st century and would reduce land loss by 8–14%, forced migration by 56–68% and the cost of forced migration by 77–84% (not discounted). The global share of erodible coast that is nourished increases from about 4% in 2000 to 18–33% in 2100, with beach nourishment being 3–4 times more frequent than shore nourishment, reflecting the importance of tourism benefits. In absolute terms, with or without nourishment, large countries with long shorelines appear to have the largest costs, but in relative terms, small island states appear most impacted by erosion. Considerable uncertainty remains due to the limited availability of basic coastal geomorphological data and models on a global scale. Future work should also further explore the effects of beach tourism, including considering sub-national distributions of beach tourists.
•A first global analysis of erosion of sandy beaches due to sea-level rise•The analysis includes beach and shore nourishment as adaptation options.•6000–17,000km2 land may be lost during the 21st century.•1.6–5.3million people may be forced to migrate during the 21st century.•Nourishment based on benefit-cost analysis reduces forced migration by 56–68%.
PDF
