Seeing Empty Space Richardson, Louise
European journal of philosophy,
06/2010, Letnik:
18, Številka:
2
Journal Article
Recenzirano
: In this paper I offer an account of a particular variety of perception of absence, namely, visual perception of empty space. In so doing, I aim to make explicit the role that seeing empty space ...has, implicitly, in Mike Martin's account of the visual field. I suggest we should make sense of the claim that vision has a field—in Martin'ss sense—in terms of our being aware of its limitations or boundaries. I argue that the limits of the visual field are our own sensory limitations, and that we are aware of them as such. Seeing empty space, I argue, involves a structural feature of experience that constitutes our awareness of our visual sensory limitations, and thus, in virtue of which vision has a field.
Summary
Objective and design Genetic screening in multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 (MEN 2) has led to specific management guidelines based on genotype–phenotype analysis. However, there is ...controversy regarding the appropriate age for prophylactic thyroidectomy in families with mutations in codon 804 in exon 14 of the RET proto‐oncogene, where medullary thyroid cancer (MTC) may not develop until adulthood. We prospectively studied two MEN 2A families, one with the V804L and the other with the V804M RET mutation, to report our experience of genetic and biochemical screening and prophylactic thyroidectomy. Family 1 is one of the largest MEN 2A families in the literature, where 22 prophylactic thyroidectomies have been performed.
Patients and results C‐cell hyperplasia (CCH) was found in 23 out of 25 thyroidectomy specimens from family members of ages 5 years and upwards. MTC was found in 10 out of 18 adults of age 25 years upwards, including the family 2 proband, who was found to have MTC with lymph node metastases at age 28. Phaeochromocytoma was only observed in one patient, but six cases of histologically confirmed hyperparathyroidism were seen in family 1.
Conclusion We suggest that prophylactic thyroidectomy should not be delayed until adulthood in MEN 2A families carrying codon 804 RET mutations, but should be performed when there is CCH, before the development of MTC, as close as possible to age 6 years, which is the age of the youngest reported case of MTC in ‘804’ families.
This article considers and evaluates some of the elastic applications of the term 'violence'. Some of the most well-known applications are structural, symbolic, epistemic, psychosocial, and ...linguistic violence. Should these phenomena be understood as violence-proper or are these merely provocative hyperbole? Some scholars are openly resistant to these elastic applications, arguing that calling these phenomena 'violence' is no more than conceptual carelessness. The question we are interested in is why people continue to be drawn to the image of violence to typify certain phenomena that cause suffering. We identify that it is the temporal extension (i.e. the experiential duration) of the experience of stuckedness in suffering that unifies these conditions. In close, we offer some reflections on the relationship of law to (what is called) violence and where it can mitigate stuckedness.
Se realizó un estudio con el objetivo de identificar determinantes sociales de mortalidad infantil en zonas rurales en México, y recomendar estrategias para disminuir esta mortalidad.
Se tomó una ...muestra por conveniencia de 16 municipios de bajo índice de desarrollo humano. Se identificaron fallecimientos de menores de un año de edad a través de registros oficiales y de entrevistas con autoridades civiles, personal de salud y líderes comunitarios. También se realizaron entrevistas a las madres de menores fallecidos.
En casi todos los casos confluyeron determinantes intermedios relacionados con condiciones de vida y servicios de salud. Los eslabones críticos de la atención más frecuentes fueron el de los programas preventivos, y la demora de mayor ocurrencia fue en la provisión de atención en las unidades de salud. Se encontraron deficiencias en las políticas públicas intersectoriales que garanticen el acceso efectivo a los servicios.
Para reducir la mortalidad infantil en áreas rurales de México, es imprescindible mejorar el acceso geográfico y cultural a los servicios de salud, así como incrementar los recursos y las competencias técnicas y de interculturalidad del personal de salud.
The aim of this study was to identify determinants of infant mortality in rural areas in Mexico and recommend strategies for its decrease.
A study was conducted in a sample of 16 municipalities among those with the lowest index of human development. Infant deaths were identified through official data, records and through interviews with civil authorities, health workers and community leaders. Mothers of children who died were also interviewed.
In most cases, deaths were related with intermediate social determinants (living conditions and health services converged). The most important critical factors were the prevention programs and delays in receiving healthcare. Deficiencies in intersectorial policies to guarantee effective access to health services were found.
To decrease infant mortality in rural areas of Mexico, geographic access has to be improved as well as investment in resources and training health personnel in intercultural competence and primary health care skills
The prominent call to legalise same-sex marriage in Australia raises questions concerning whether its achievement will result in amplified societal acceptance of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and ...transgender (LGBT) people, and on what grounds this acceptance will take place. Same-sex marriage may not challenge heteronormative and patriarchal features typically associated with marriage, and may serve to reinforce a hierarchy that promotes traditional marriage as the ideal relationship structure. This may result in only assimilationist acceptance of LGBT people. However, the consequence of inclusion to marriage ought to reflect social acceptance of LGBTs as people worthy of equal treatment in dignity and in rights, regardless of perceived differences or similarities to a supposed majority standard. This article argues that justice would be best served by introducing and promoting a variety of State-sanctioned unions whilst simultaneously introducing same-sex marriage. This 'pluralisation strategy' would increase awareness and legitimacy of other relationship-recognition options, promoting respectful acceptance of LGBT and heterosexual people alike.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
BFBNIB, DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Bodily awareness is a kind of perceptual awareness of the body that we do not usually count as a sense. I argue that that there is an overlooked agential difference between bodily awareness and ...perception in the five familiar senses: a difference in what is involved in perceptual activity in sight, hearing, touch taste and smell on the one hand, and bodily awareness on the other.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
BFBNIB, DOBA, INZLJ, IZUM, KILJ, NMLJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, ZRSKP
Abstract
Whatever the answer to
M
olyneux's question is, it is certainly not obvious that the answer is ‘yes’. In contrast, it seems clear that we should answer affirmatively a temporal variation on
...M
olyneux's question, introduced by
G
areth
E
vans. I offer a phenomenological explanation of this asymmetry in our responses to the two questions. This explanation appeals to the modality‐specific spatial structure of perceptual experience and its amodal temporal structure. On this explanation, there are differences in the perception of spatial properties in different modalities, but these differences do not stand in the way of the objectivity of perceptual experience.
Background Pheochromocytomas are neuroendocrine tumors of chromaffin cell origin which arise from the adrenal medulla and less commonly the extra-adrenal sympathetic paraganglia. Pheochromocytomas ...are component tumors of the familial syndromes multiple endocrine neoplasia Type 2, von Hippel Lindau disease, Neurofibromatosis Type 1, and the pheochromocytoma/paraganglioma syndromes caused by mutations in the RET, VHL, NF1 , SDHB, and SDHD genes, respectively. The aim of this study was to evaluate denaturing high performance liquid chromatography (dHPLC) as a screening tool for the detection of germline mutations within VHL , SDHB, and SDHD in pheochromocytoma patients. Methods Polymerase chain reaction of all exons of VHL , SDHB , and SDHD genes was performed on leukocyte DNA extracted from stored blood samples of 74 unrelated patients treated for pheochromocytoma. After dHPLC analysis, all samples demonstrating variance were selected for sequencing. Results Of the 74 patients, 12 mutations and 16 polymorphisms were identified by dHPLC and confirmed on sequencing. More specifically, a total of 5 mutations and 15 polymorphisms were detected in SDHB and 7 mutations and 1 polymorphism were identified in VHL . No SDHD mutations or polymorphisms were identified. By sequencing only dHPLC variants, the total amount of DNA sequencing required was reduced by approximately 88%. Conclusions dHPLC is an effective screening tool for the detection of germline mutations in SDHB , SDHD, and VHL and has application for diagnostic germline mutation analysis in pheochromocytoma patients.
The aim is to identify the extent to which EQ-5D is used as a clinical outcome assessment (COA) endpoint in a non-economic context in health technology assessment (HTA) decisions, regulatory ...labelling claims and published literature. Drug technology appraisals (TAs) published by HTA agencies in England, France, Germany and the USA between 2019 and 2021 were identified. Product labelling for drugs approved by the European Medicines Agency (EMA) and US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) between 2016 and 2021 were also identified. A systematic literature review (SLR) was also performed. Documents reporting EQ-5D in the context of economic evaluation only were excluded. EQ-5D data were reported for COA in 195 of 1072 (18%) published TAs, with the majority reported for Germany (
n
= 138). The EQ-5D visual analogue scale (EQ-VAS) was reported most frequently, in 68% of all TAs, and accounted for 100% of Institut für Qualität und Wirtschaftlichkeit im Gesundheitswesen (IQWiG) and 94% of Gemeinsamer Bundesausschuss (G-BA) TAs. In total, 320 drugs were approved or reviewed by the EMA and 735 by the FDA. Of these, 15 reported EQ-5D data from the EMA and 35 from the FDA; however, all EQ-5D data submitted to the FDA were reported in supporting documentation. Reporting of both EQ-5D index and EQ-VAS was most frequent, occurring in 32% of all documents. For the SLR, 329 of 4248 (8%) retrieved records were included. Reporting of both EQ-5D index and EQ-VAS was most frequent, occurring in 36% of studies. Clinical evaluation of recent drug approvals, based on regulatory, HTA and systematic literature reviews, demonstrated limited use of EQ-5D outside the context of economic evaluations. This may be due to the likelihood that the EQ-5D may lack sensitivity to detect improvement in conditions with small expected therapeutic benefit, or because the EQ-5D is not considered an adequate COA tool for clinical evaluation of treatment benefit. EQ-5D, as a COA, was more likely to be used in clinical evaluation of cancer drugs than drugs for treatment in any other disease category. HTA bodies were more likely to use the EQ-5D for COA, especially in Germany.
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