Abstract We study the kinematics of a pillar, namely G287.76-0.87, using three rotational lines of 12 CO(5-4), 12 CO(8-7), 12 CO(11-10), and a fine structure line of O i 63 μ m in southern Carina ...observed by SOFIA/GREAT. This pillar is irradiated by the associated massive star cluster Trumpler 16, which includes η Carina. Our analysis shows that the relative velocity of the pillar with respect to this ionization source is small, ∼1 km s −1 , and the gas motion in the tail is more turbulent than in the head. We also performed analytical calculations to estimate the gas column density in local thermal equilibrium (LTE) conditions, which yields N CO as (∼0.2–5) × 10 17 cm −2 . We further constrain the gas’s physical properties in non-LTE conditions using RADEX. The non-LTE estimations result in n H 2 ≃ 10 5 cm − 3 and N CO ≃ 10 16 cm −2 . We found that the thermal pressure within the G287.76-0.87 pillar is sufficiently high to make it stable for the surrounding hot gas and radiation feedback if the winds are not active. While they are active, stellar winds from the clustered stars sculpt the surrounding molecular cloud into pillars within the giant bubble around η Carina.
Data-driven markets depend on access to data as a resource for products and services. Since the quality of information that can be drawn from data increases with the available amount and quality of ...the data, businesses involved in the data economy have a great interest in accessing data from other market players. However, companies still appear to be reluctant to share their data. Therefore, the key question is how data sharing can be incentivized. This article focuses on data sharing platforms, which are emerging as new intermediaries and can play a vital role in the data economy, as they may increase willingness to share data. By comparing data sharing to the exchange of patents based on the FRAND principles, this article suggests a possible way for self-regulation to provide more transparency and fairness in the growing markets for data sharing.
Abstract
Atomic oxygen is a key species in the mesosphere and thermosphere of Venus. It peaks in the transition region between the two dominant atmospheric circulation patterns, the retrograde ...super-rotating zonal flow below 70 km and the subsolar to antisolar flow above 120 km altitude. However, past and current detection methods are indirect and based on measurements of other molecules in combination with photochemical models. Here, we show direct detection of atomic oxygen on the dayside as well as on the nightside of Venus by measuring its ground-state transition at 4.74 THz (63.2 µm). The atomic oxygen is concentrated at altitudes around 100 km with a maximum column density on the dayside where it is generated by photolysis of carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide. This method enables detailed investigations of the Venusian atmosphere in the region between the two atmospheric circulation patterns in support of future space missions to Venus.
Atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome (aHUS) is associated with defective complement regulation. Disease-associated mutations have been described in the genes encoding the complement regulators ...complement factor H, membrane cofactor protein, factor B, and factor I. In this study, we show in two independent cohorts of aHUS patients that deletion of two closely related genes, complement factor H-related 1 (CFHR1) and complement factor H-related 3 (CFHR3), increases the risk of aHUS. Amplification analysis and sequencing of genomic DNA of three affected individuals revealed a chromosomal deletion of approximately 84 kb in the RCA gene cluster, resulting in loss of the genes coding for CFHR1 and CFHR3, but leaving the genomic structure of factor H intact. The CFHR1 and CFHR3 genes are flanked by long homologous repeats with long interspersed nuclear elements (retrotransposons) and we suggest that nonallelic homologous recombination between these repeats results in the loss of the two genes. Impaired protection of erythrocytes from complement activation is observed in the serum of aHUS patients deficient in CFHR1 and CFHR3, thus suggesting a regulatory role for CFHR1 and CFHR3 in complement activation. The identification of CFHR1/CFHR3 deficiency in aHUS patients may lead to the design of new diagnostic approaches, such as enhanced testing for these genes.
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Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Data plays a crucial role for society. Accordingly, building a 'single market for data' by increasing the availability of public and private data ranks high on the EU policy agenda. But when ...advancing legal data sharing regimes, there is an inevitable need to balance public and private interests. While the European Commission continues to push for more binding rules on data sharing between private businesses, public undertakings are already covered by mandatory rules. Exploring how the law addresses their data offers valuable lessons on the reconciliation of market reasoning with the public interest. In particular, this article inquires into the recast Open Data and Public Sector Information Directive, the Data Governance Act, and different national rules which regulate access to and re-use of public undertakings' data. It identifies five striking characteristics and discusses their potential and limitations for regulating data sharing by private undertakings. The implications serve as a guidepost for advancing the wider debate on building a single market for data in the EU. Some of them are already reflected in the upcoming EU Data Act.
Data plays a crucial role for society. Accordingly, building a ‘single market for data’ by increasing the availability of public and private data ranks high on the EU policy agenda. But when ...advancing legal data sharing regimes, there is an inevitable need to balance public and private interests. While the European Commission continues to push for more binding rules on data sharing between private businesses, public undertakings are already covered by mandatory rules. Exploring how the law addresses their data offers valuable lessons on the reconciliation of market reasoning with the public interest. In particular, this article inquires into the recast Open Data and Public Sector Information Directive, the Data Governance Act, and different national rules which regulate access to and re‐use of public undertakings' data. It identifies five striking characteristics and discusses their potential and limitations for regulating data sharing by private undertakings. The implications serve as a guidepost for advancing the wider debate on building a single market for data in the EU. Some of them are already reflected in the upcoming EU Data Act.
This article takes a critical look at merger law and practice in the EU, the United States, and Germany regarding data-related transactions. It focuses on the current legal standard and evaluates the ...recent decision practice in these jurisdictions. This includes the increasing implementation of data-related remedies, such as data access and data separation commitments, which have so far not been the focus of scholarly attention. On this basis, the article discusses the prospects of merger review within the framework of current policy reform debates. It concludes with recommendations for future legislative action in Germany and the EU. In particular, the legislature should implement a tightened and better suited merger review regime for dominant undertakings in digital markets.
Abstract
This article enquires into the current prospects for data intermediaries in the context of competition and innovation policies. It asks what the conditions for and means to fulfil these ...promises are. This requires looking at the evolving legal framework – including the recently enacted Regulation (EU) 2022/686 ‘Data Governance Act’, which affects the incentives of data intermediaries and market actors. In particular, this article explores the obstacles for the establishment of data intermediaries, the context for their activities and the necessary conditions to be set, and complimentary measures to be taken to make them work. The overall goal is to discuss how the findings would translate into viable policy options to advance the regulatory framework that would contribute to an effective market design for data sharing.**
Tetrazolium-based assays are optimized to assess proliferation/toxicity of monolayer or suspension cells in microtiter plates. With regard to tissue engineering and regenerative medicine the need for ...in vivo like 3D microtissues has an increasing relevance. Applying tetrazolium-based assays to 3D culture systems is technically more challenging. The composed microenvironment may influence the assay standards, e.g. equal distribution of tetrazolium.
Evaluation of membrane-impermeable tetrazolium salt-based assays with regard to spheroid culture (3D) of human chondrocytes.
Chondrocytes were isolated from human articular cartilage. XTT, WST-1, and WST-8 were applied to monolayer cells (2D, varying cell numbers) and spheroids (3D, different sizes) in 96well plates. Formazan formation was measured spectrophotometrically after different incubation periods. Evaluation was done using phase contrast microsopy (toxicity), analyzing the correlation of cell number and absorbance signals (Gompertz function), and document signal over background ratio.
In monolayer culture the assays showed a correlation between seeded cell numbers and absorption data. Spheroid sizes are directly related to the starting cell number. A correlation between size and absorbance was only detectable starting from 10,000 cells/aggregate. Phase contrast microscopy of monolayer cells revealed strong toxicity effects of the WST-1 (4 h) and XTT (8 h) assay and no signs of toxicity using WST-8.
The WST-8 assay is non-toxic and revealed the highest sensitivity in comparison to the XTT or WST-1 assay. There is evidence, that only cells of the outer rim of spheroids are able to convert membrane-impermeable tetrazolium salts to formazans.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
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