iThis book develops a new model of the genesis of health, on the basis of the interplay between genetic and environmental factors. Hurrelmann and Richter build on the basic theories of health and the ...popular model of salutogenesis to offer a comprehensive interdisciplinary theory of health genesis and success: Productive Processing of Reality (PPR).
The authors show that health is the lifelong, dynamic process of dealing with the internal reality of physical and psychological impulses and the external reality of social and material impulses. To demonstrate this, the book is split into three interconnected parts. Part A analyses the determinants of health, providing an overview of the insights of current research and the impact of socioeconomic influences and gender on health. Part B covers public health, social, learning and coping theories, all of which understand health as an interaction between people and their environment. Part C draws on these four theories to outline PPR, stressing the interrelation between physical and mental constitution and the demands of the social and mental environment and suggesting strategies for coping with these demands during the life course.
Understanding Public Health: Productive Processing of Internal and External Reality will be valuable reading for students and researchers in psychology, sociology, educational science, public health and medical science, and for policymakers in public health.
Efficient unassisted solar water splitting, a pathway to storable renewable energy in the form of chemical bonds, requires optimization of a photoelectrochemical device based on photovoltaic tandem ...heterojunctions. We report a monolithic photocathode device architecture that exhibits significantly reduced surface reflectivity, minimizing parasitic light absorption and reflection losses. A tailored multifunctional crystalline titania interphase layer acts as a corrosion protection layer, with favorable band alignment between the semiconductor conduction band and the energy level for water reduction, facilitating electron transport at the cathode–electrolyte interface. It also provides a favorable substrate for adhesion of high-activity Rh catalyst nanoparticles. Under simulated AM 1.5G irradiation, solar-to-hydrogen efficiencies of 19.3 and 18.5% are obtained in acidic and neutral electrolytes, respectively. The system reaches a value of 0.85 of the theoretical limit for photoelectrochemical water splitting for the energy gap combination employed in the tandem-junction photoelectrode structure.
Similar to natural photosynthetic systems, artificial photosynthetic systems require synergistic cooperation between light harvesting, charge separation and redox catalysis. Herein, a ...three-dimensional (3D) hierarchical photocatalyst is designed with a novel Z-scheme two-photon excitation, defined by the complementary absorption of higher energy and lower energy photons by cadmium sulfide nanowires (CdS NWs) and cobalt–benzimidazole (Co-bIm) coordination polymers (CBPs), respectively. Without any noble-metal co-catalyst, the microscopically integrated CdS–CBP photocatalysts demonstrated dramatically enhanced photocatalytic activities of H2 evolution, which were up to 10.6 folds higher than those of pristine CdS NWs. Structurally, the intimate interfacial contact between the 3D CdS NW scaffold and the discrete CBP microstructures benefits their strong electronic interaction and efficient charge separation. Upon simultaneous light excitation, a tandem solid-state electron flow from CdS to CBP and then from metal (Co) to ligand (bIm) precisely catalyzes the reduction of pre-activated H atoms on the bIm ligands for efficient H2 evolution.
The book offers a thorough introduction to Pattern Recognition aimed at master and advanced bachelor students of engineering and the natural sciences. Besides classification - the heart of Pattern ...Recognition - special emphasis is put on features, their typology, their properties and their systematic construction. Additionally, general principles that govern Pattern Recognition are illustrated and explained in a comprehensible way. Rather than presenting a complete overview over the rapidly evolving field, the book is to clarifies the concepts so that the reader can easily understand the underlying ideas and the rationale behind the methods. For this purpose, the mathematical treatment of Pattern Recognition is pushed so far that the mechanisms of action become clear and visible, but not farther. Therefore, not all derivations are driven into the last mathematical detail, as a mathematician would expect it. Ideas of proofs are presented instead of complete proofs. From the authors' point of view, this concept allows to teach the essential ideas of Pattern Recognition with sufficient depth within a relatively lean book. Mathematical methods explained thoroughly Extremely practical approach with many examples Based on over ten years lecture at Karlsruhe Institute of Technology For students but also for practitioners
At the blood–brain barrier (BBB), claudin (Cldn)-5 is thought to be the dominant tight junction (TJ) protein, with minor contributions from Cldn3 and -12, and occludin. However, the BBB appears ...ultrastructurally normal in Cldn5 knock-out mice, suggesting that further Cldns and/or TJ-associated marvel proteins (TAMPs) are involved. Microdissected human and murine brain capillaries, quickly frozen to recapitulate the in vivo situation, showed high transcript expression of Cldn5, -11, -12, and -25, and occludin, but also abundant levels of Cldn1 and -27 in man. Protein levels were quantified by a novel epitope dilution assay and confirmed the respective mRNA data. In contrast to the in vivo situation, Cldn5 dominates BBB expression in vitro, since all other TJ proteins are at comparably low levels or are not expressed. Cldn11 was highly abundant in vivo and contributed to paracellular tightness by homophilic oligomerization, but almost disappeared in vitro. Cldn25, also found at high levels, neither tightened the paracellular barrier nor interconnected opposing cells, but contributed to proper TJ strand morphology. Pathological conditions (in vivo ischemia and in vitro hypoxia) down-regulated Cldn1, -3, and -12, and occludin in cerebral capillaries, which was paralleled by up-regulation of Cldn5 after middle cerebral artery occlusion in rats. Cldn1 expression increased after Cldn5 knock-down. In conclusion, this complete Cldn/TAMP profile demonstrates the presence of up to a dozen TJ proteins in brain capillaries. Mouse and human share a similar and complex TJ profile in vivo, but this complexity is widely lost under in vitro conditions.
Photoelectrochemical (PEC) cells based on semiconductor/liquid interfaces provide a method of converting solar energy to electricity or fuels. Currently, the understanding of semiconductor/liquid ...interfaces is inferred from experiments and models.
Operando
ambient-pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (AP-XPS) has been used herein to directly characterize the semiconductor/liquid junction at room temperature under real-time electrochemical control. X-ray synchrotron radiation in conjunction with AP-XPS has enabled simultaneous monitoring of the solid surface, the solid/electrolyte interface, and the bulk electrolyte of a PEC cell as a function of the applied potential,
U
. The observed shifts in binding energy with respect to the applied potential have directly revealed ohmic and rectifying junction behavior on metallized and semiconducting samples, respectively. Additionally, the non-linear response of the core level binding energies to changes in the applied electrode potential has revealed the influence of defect-derived electronic states on the Galvani potential across the complete cell.
Long-term space missions require extra-terrestrial production of storable, renewable energy. Hydrogen is ascribed a crucial role for transportation, electrical power and oxygen generation. We ...demonstrate in a series of drop tower experiments that efficient direct hydrogen production can be realized photoelectrochemically in microgravity environment, providing an alternative route to existing life support technologies for space travel. The photoelectrochemical cell consists of an integrated catalyst-functionalized semiconductor system that generates hydrogen with current densities >15 mA/cm
in the absence of buoyancy. Conditions are described adverting the resulting formation of ion transport blocking froth layers on the photoelectrodes. The current limiting factors were overcome by controlling the micro- and nanotopography of the Rh electrocatalyst using shadow nanosphere lithography. The behaviour of the applied system in terrestrial and microgravity environment is simulated using a kinetic transport model. Differences observed for varied catalyst topography are elucidated, enabling future photoelectrode designs for use in reduced gravity environments.
Self-medication counseling in community pharmacies plays a crucial role in health care. Counseling advice should therefore be evidence-based. Web-based information and databases are commonly used as ...electronic information sources. EVInews is a self-medication-related information tool consisting of a database and monthly published newsletters for pharmacists. Little is known about the quality of pharmacists' electronic information sources for evidence-based self-medication counseling.
Our aim was to investigate the quality of community pharmacists' web-based search results for self-medication-related content in comparison with the EVInews database, based on an adjusted quality score for pharmacists.
After receiving ethics approval, we performed a quantitative web-based survey with a search task as a prospective randomized, controlled, and unblinded trial. For the search task, participants were instructed to search for evidence-based information to verify 6 health-related statements from 2 typical self-medication indications. Pharmacists across Germany were invited via email to participate. After providing written informed consent, they were automatically, randomly assigned to use either web-based information sources of their choice without the EVInews database (web group) or exclusively the EVInews database (EVInews group). The quality of the information sources that were used for the search task was then assessed by 2 evaluators using a quality score ranging from 100% (180 points, all predefined criteria fulfilled) to 0% (0 points, none of the predefined criteria fulfilled). In case of assessment discrepancies, an expert panel consisting of 4 pharmacists was consulted.
In total, 141 pharmacists were enrolled. In the Web group (n=71 pharmacists), the median quality score was 32.8% (59.0 out of 180.0 points; IQR 23.0-80.5). In the EVInews group (n=70 pharmacists), the median quality score was significantly higher (85.3%; 153.5 out of 180.0 points; P<.001) and the IQR was smaller (IQR 125.1-157.0). Fewer pharmacists completed the entire search task in the Web group (n=22) than in the EVInews group (n=46). The median time to complete the search task was not significantly different between the Web group (25.4 minutes) and the EVInews group (19.7 minutes; P=.12). The most frequently used web-based sources (74/254, 29.1%) comprised tertiary literature.
The median quality score of the web group was poor, and there was a significant difference in quality scores in favor of the EVInews group. Pharmacists' web-based and self-medication-related information sources often did not meet standard quality requirements and showed considerable variation in quality.
German Clinical Trials Register DRKS00026104; https://drks.de/search/en/trial/DRKS00026104.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
The stability of p-InP photocathodes performing the hydrogen-evolution reaction (HER) has been evaluated in contact with either 1.0 M H
2
SO
4
(aq) or 1.0 M KOH(aq), with a focus on identifying ...corrosion mechanisms. Stability for the solar-driven HER was evaluated using p-InP electrodes that were either etched or coated with an electrodeposited Pt catalyst (p-InP/Pt). Variables such as trace O
2
were systematically controlled during the measurements. Changes in surface characteristics after exposure to electrochemical conditions as well as electrode dissolution processes were monitored using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). In either H
2
SO
4
or KOH, etched p-InP photoelectrodes corroded cathodically under illumination, forming metallic In
0
at the electrode surface. In contrast, electrodeposition of Pt kinetically stabilized illuminated p-InP photocathodes in both H
2
SO
4
and KOH by inhibiting the cathodic corrosion pathway. Notably, when held at 0 V
vs.
the reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE) in 1.0 M H
2
SO
4
(aq), p-InP/Pt exhibited a stable current density (
J
) of ∼−18 mA cm
−2
for >285 h under simulated 1 Sun illumination. The long-term current density
vs.
potential (
J
-
E
) behavior at pH 0 and pH 14 of p-InP/Pt photocathodes correlated with changes in the surface chemistry as well as the dissolution of p-InP. In acidic media, the
J
-
E
behavior of p-InP/Pt photocathodes remained nearly constant with time, but the surface of a p-InP/Pt electrodes gradually turned P-rich
via
a slow and continuous leaching of In ions. In alkaline electrolyte, the surface of p-InP/Pt electrodes was passivated by formation of an InO
x
layer that exhibited negligible dissolution but led to a substantial degradation in the
J
-
E
characteristics. Consequently, changes in the catalytic kinetics and surface stoichiometry are both important considerations for determining the corrosion chemistry and the long-term operational stability of InP photoelectrodes.
Illuminated etched p-InP photocathode undergoes cathodic corrosion forming metallic In
0
, while electrodeposited Pt catalyst kinetically stabilizes the electrode surface against such a corrosion pathway.
Electrochemical water oxidation is an important anodic process necessary to support many cathodic fuel forming processes. Inexpensive materials capable of water oxidation catalysis are necessary to ...render renewable energy technologies affordable. In this study, titanium diboride (TiB2) microparticles were explored as an oxygen‐evolution reaction (OER) electrocatalyst in 1.0 M HClO4. An overpotential of 560±20 mV was required to generate a current density of 10 mA cm−2 with a Faradaic efficiency >96 %. TiB2 exhibited a dissolution rate of 0.24 μg cm−2 h−1 which is the slowest rate observed to date for an earth‐abundant OER catalyst in acidic electrolyte at pH 0.
Inexpensive and robust: TiB2 proved to be an effective earth‐abundant electrocatalyst for water‐oxidation in acidic electrolyte. An overpotential of 560±20 mV was required to generate a current density of 10 mA cm−2 with a Faradaic efficiency >96 %. TiB2 has the slowest dissolution rate observed to date for an earth‐abundant OER catalyst.
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