Recent experiments have demonstrated that light and matter can mix together to an extreme degree, and previously uncharted regimes of light-matter interactions are currently being explored in a ...variety of settings. The so-called ultrastrong coupling (USC) regime is established when the light-matter interaction energy is a comparable fraction of the bare frequencies of the uncoupled systems. Furthermore, when the interaction strengths become larger than the bare frequencies, the deep-strong coupling (DSC) regime emerges. This article reviews advances in the field of the USC and DSC regimes, in particular, for light modes confined in cavities interacting with two-level systems. An overview is first provided on the theoretical progress since the origins from the semiclassical Rabi model until recent developments of the quantum Rabi model. Next, several key experimental results from a variety of quantum platforms are described, including superconducting circuits, semiconductor quantum wells, and other hybrid quantum systems. Finally, anticipated applications are highlighted utilizing USC and DSC regimes, including novel quantum optical phenomena, quantum simulation, and quantum computation.
Significance Effective treatment of skin-based bacterial biofilms has been identified as a serious and unmet medical need. Biofilm-protected bacteria account for ∼80% of bacterial infections in ...humans and are 50–1,000 times more resistant to antibiotics than their planktonic counterparts. Biofilms in skin are further protected by the outermost layer of skin, the stratum corneum, which serves as a natural barrier to most therapeutics. Here, we present compelling evidence for exploiting ionic liquids (ILs) as an arsenal of materials both in a concerted effort to combat antibiotic-resistant bacterial biofilms in skin as well as for topical transdermal drug delivery. Our comprehensive strategy resulted in the identification of ILs that are effective at disrupting biofilms, neutralizing pathogens, and enhancing delivery of antibiotic into skin. Moreover, ILs did not show skin irritation that is typically associated with topical formulations.
Tensor network algorithms provide a suitable route for tackling real-time-dependent problems in lattice gauge theories, enabling the investigation of out-of-equilibrium dynamics. We analyze a U(1) ...lattice gauge theory in (1+1 ) dimensions in the presence of dynamical matter for different mass and electric-field couplings, a theory akin to quantum electrodynamics in one dimension, which displays string breaking: The confining string between charges can spontaneously break during quench experiments, giving rise to charge-anticharge pairs according to the Schwinger mechanism. We study the real-time spreading of excitations in the system by means of electric-field and particle fluctuations. We determine a dynamical state diagram for string breaking and quantitatively evaluate the time scales for mass production. We also show that the time evolution of the quantum correlations can be detected via bipartite von Neumann entropies, thus demonstrating that the Schwinger mechanism is tightly linked to entanglement spreading. To present a variety of possible applications of this simulation platform, we show how one could follow the real-time scattering processes between mesons and the creation of entanglement during scattering processes. Finally, we test the quality of quantum simulations of these dynamics, quantifying the role of possible imperfections in cold atoms, trapped ions, and superconducting circuit systems. Our results demonstrate how entanglement properties can be used to deepen our understanding of basic phenomena in the real-time dynamics of gauge theories such as string breaking and collisions.
Topology by dissipation Bardyn, C-E; Baranov, M A; Kraus, C V ...
New journal of physics,
08/2013, Letnik:
15, Številka:
8
Journal Article
Recenzirano
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Topological states of fermionic matter can be induced by means of a suitably engineered dissipative dynamics. Dissipation then does not occur as a perturbation, but rather as the main resource for ...many-body dynamics, providing a targeted cooling into topological phases starting from arbitrary initial states. We explore the concept of topological order in this setting, developing and applying a general theoretical framework based on the system density matrix that replaces the wave function appropriate for the discussion of Hamiltonian ground-state physics. We identify key analogies and differences to the more conventional Hamiltonian scenario. Differences essentially arise from the fact that the properties of the spectrum and of the state of the system are not as tightly related as in the Hamiltonian context. We provide a symmetry-based topological classification of bulk steady states and identify the classes that are achievable by means of quasi-local dissipative processes driving into superfluid paired states. We also explore the fate of the bulk-edge correspondence in the dissipative setting and demonstrate the emergence of Majorana edge modes. We illustrate our findings in one- and two-dimensional models that are experimentally realistic in the context of cold atoms.
We show that gauge invariant quantum link models, Abelian and n-Abelian, can be exactly described in terms of tensor networks states. Quantum link models represent an ideal bridge between high-energy ...and cold atom physics, as they can be used in cold atoms in optical lattices to study lattice gauge theories. In this framework, we characterize the phase diagram of a (1 + 1)D quantum link version of the Schwinger model in an external classical background electric field: the quantum phase transition from a charge and parity ordered phase with nonzero electric flux to a disordered one with a net zero electric flux configuration is described by the Ising universality class.
•PCA cannot handle GC–MS data well since it does not account for mis-aligned peaks.•Gaussian dynamic time warping (DTW) kernel is proposed to align GC–MS data.•The proposed method reveals better ...clusters of propolis from 8 regions in the US.•The proposed DTW-KPCA of GC–MS data is more effective than classic PCA and Kernel PCA.
The chemometric analysis of chromatographic data is commonly used for discriminating bee propolis based on their geographical origin. Traditional machine learning methods for this purpose include principal component analysis and hierarchical clustering. When viewed as a time-series, the key discriminatory features in chromatographic data are the peaks, which should have similar location patterns for the propolis of the same origin. However, the peaks between same-origin samples are not always exactly aligned. Without proper alignment, samples from the same origin may be perceived by the clustering method to be very different. In this paper, we propose a novel dynamic time warping kernel principal component analysis (DTW-KPCA) method for the chemometric discrimination of propolis. The proposed method uses a Gaussian dynamic time warping kernel to measure the similarity between chromatographic time-series which incorporates time-series alignment. Results show a better clustering of propolis samples compared to the currently used methods, as measured by the silhouette coefficient. Hence, the proposed method enables a more reliable clustering as to the origin of propolis samples.
Single quadrupole mass spectrometry (MS) with enhanced in-source multiple fragment ion monitoring was designed to perform high sensitivity quantitative mass analyses. Enhanced in-source fragmentation ...amplifies fragmentation from traditional soft electrospray ionization producing fragment ions that have been found to be identical to those generated in tandem MS. We have combined enhanced in-source fragmentation data with criteria established by the European Union Commission Directive 2002/657/EC for electron ionization single quadrupole quantitative analysis to perform quantitative analyses. These experiments were performed on multiple types of complex samples that included a mixture of 50 standards, as well as cell and plasma extracts. The dynamic range for these quantitative analyses was comparable to triple quadrupole multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) analyses at up to 5 orders of magnitude with the cell and plasma extracts showing similar matrix effects across both platforms. Amino acid and fatty acid measurements performed from certified NIST 1950 plasma with isotopically labeled standards demonstrated accuracy in the range of 91–110% for the amino acids, 76–129% for the fatty acids, and good precision (coefficient of variation <10%). To enhance specificity, a newly developed correlated ion monitoring algorithm was designed to facilitate these analyses. This algorithm autonomously processes, aligns, filters, and compiles multiple ions within one chromatogram enabling both precursor and in-source fragment ions to be correlated within a single chromatogram, also enabling the detection of coeluting species based on precursor and fragment ion ratios. Single quadrupole instrumentation can provide MRM level quantitative performance by monitoring/correlating precursor and fragment ions facilitating high sensitivity analysis on existing single quadrupole instrumentation that are generally inexpensive, easy to operate, and technically less complex.
The unforeseen COVID-19 pandemic forced educational institutions to shift to a remote or distance-learning mode. As a result, classes were offered online, and this shift in teaching modality ...presented great challenges, especially in teaching laboratory courses. While several options are available, we evaluated the use of (i) videos of lab demonstrations, (ii) Microsoft PowerPoint slides with voice-over recordings that were prepared to guide students further in the particular procedure of the experiment, and (iii) kitchen-based experiments that students could perform at home for our General Chemistry I laboratory course that was offered in an asynchronous modality during the Summer session. The students were surveyed for feedback, comments, and reactions to the use of these different practices. On the basis of student comments, it was found that the videos were beneficial to illustrate important aspects of each experiment, with some students commenting that it made them feel as if they were actually performing the experiments themselves. The kitchen-based experiments, on the other hand, allowed students to experience performing hands-on experiments and helped them observe and relate to concepts (such as classifying matter, making physical measurements, employing units and significant figures, preparing solutions, calculating moles and molarity, and employing separation techniques) that were discussed in the lecture portion of the course.
Antiseptic agents are the primary arsenal to disinfect skin and prevent pathogens spreading within the host as well as into the surroundings; however the Food and Drug Administration published a ...report in 2015 requiring additional validation of nearly all current antiseptic agents before their continued use can be allowed. This vulnerable position calls for urgent identification of novel antiseptic agents. Recently, the ability of a deep eutectic, Choline And Geranate (CAGE), to treat biofilms of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Salmonella enterica was demonstrated. Here it is reported that CAGE exhibits broad‐spectrum antimicrobial activity against a number of drug‐resistant bacteria, fungi, and viruses including clinical isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida albicans as well as laboratory strains of Herpes Simplex Virus. Studies in human keratinocytes and mice show that CAGE affords negligible local or systemic toxicity, and an ≈180–14 000‐fold improved efficacy/toxicity ratio over currently used antiseptic agents. Further, CAGE penetrates deep into the dermis and treats pathogens located in deep skin layers as confirmed by the ability of CAGE in vivo to treat Propionibacterium acnes infection. In combination, the results clearly demonstrate CAGE holds promise as a transformative platform antiseptic agent for preventive as well as therapeutic applications.
A unique formulation of choline, geranate, and geranic acid eutectic solvent (CAGE) holds promise as a transformative platform for the prevention and treatment of microbial infections.
We describe a superconducting-circuit lattice design for the implementation and simulation of dynamical lattice gauge theories. We illustrate our proposal by analyzing a one-dimensional U(1) ...quantum-link model, where superconducting qubits play the role of matter fields on the lattice sites and the gauge fields are represented by two coupled microwave resonators on each link between neighboring sites. A detailed analysis of a minimal experimental protocol for probing the physics related to string breaking effects shows that, despite the presence of decoherence in these systems, distinctive phenomena from condensed-matter and high-energy physics can be visualized with state-of-the-art technology in small superconducting-circuit arrays.
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