Reviews of Books Hirschler, Konrad; Smith, Jonathan Riley; Israel, Jonathan ...
International history review,
12/2009, Letnik:
31, Številka:
4
Journal Article
Michel Balard est l'un des historiens qui, loin des évocations nostalgiques, des exclusions communautaires, des oppositions irréductibles, travaille à une histoire totale de l'espace méditerranéen. ...Dans ses cours, ses conférences, ses travaux personnels comme dans les recherches collectives qu'il a animées, il a placé les croisades, les conflits et les échanges de toute nature, les phénomènes de colonisation et de migration au coeur d'un vaste mouvement d'expansion occidentale qui se déploie à l'époque médiévale sous des formes complexes, et dont l'héritage se fait sentir encore aujourd'hui. À l'issue d'une longue et fructueuse carrière universitaire, ses élèves, ses collègues, ses amis ont à coeur d'emprunter les Chemins d'outre-mer qu'il leur avait ouverts, chemins multiples reliant les civilisations byzantine, musulmane et occidentale qui se sont partagé, à la fois rivales et unies, l'espace méditerranéen au Moyen Age. Ce double volume, qui rassemble plus d'une soixantaine de contributions, invite le lecteur à suivre sur ces chemins pèlerins et croisés, marchands et voyageurs, et ainsi à mieux comprendre les formes et les enjeux des relations qui se sont développées d'une rive à l'autre de la Méditerranée.
Introduction Riley-Smith, Jonathan
The Military Orders, Volume 5,
2012
Book Chapter
The fifth of the British four-yearly conferences on the military orders could not make use of its home in the old Hospitaller priory buildings in Clerkenwell because of building work. Cardiff ...University provided its first-class conference facilities, and thanks are due to the Vice-chancellor and the academic staff, who, under the leadership of Helen Nicholson, Denys Pringle and Peter Edbury, worked so hard to make the conference an outstanding success. Peter Edburyy generously took the responsibility of editing this volume.
I am no longer convinced by the general belief that in the Hospital and the Temple the sergeants-at-arms, who are identified with those the Templars called conventual sergeants (frères sergents dou ...couvent) and in both orders were subject to the marshals, should be distinguished from the sergeants-at-service, identified by Dr Alan Forey with a group called frères de mestier, who performed a range of civil tasks, from administrative to menial, were subject to the grand commanders and were of inferior status.
1
I am concerned in this paper with the definition of the categories of sergeantry and I do not discuss its origins or the criteria which qualified a man to become a knight or a sergeant in the first place. My comments mostly refer to the situation in the thirteenth and early fourteenth centuries. I will argue that although in Templar regulations the terms sergeant-at-arms and sergeant of the convent could be synonymous, it does not follow that all conventual sergeants had to be brothers-at-arms. I have come to believe that sergeants-at-service could rank equally as conventuals with sergeants-at-arms and did not, therefore, constitute a separate category. All conventual sergeants, whether at-arms or at-service, had the right to vote in chapter elections, but in the Temple, and perhaps to a much lesser extent in the Hospital, the frères de mestier, who constituted an under-class of unskilled brothers, with apparently no voice in chapter,
2
should be distinguished from other sergeants-at-service.
Little use has been made of the evidence in the many charters written on behalf of men departing on the First Crusade. This helps to establish what Pope Urban II actually said at Clermont. It ...confirms that he was believed to be the originator of the crusade, which was proposed by him as a satisfactory penance, and that Jerusalem was its goal from the start. The crusaders recognized that they had been summoned to a war-pilgrimage, the authority for which was Christ, and they believed that this radical penitential exercise would benefit their souls, but even the Franks among them had little notion of the crusade as a specifically Frankish enterprise. They could not comprehend the notion of fighting out of neighbourly love and found it hard to believe that full remission of sins was gained by those who died before reaching Jerusalem.
Riley-smith Jonathan. The Idea of Crusading in the Charters of Early Crusaders, 1095-1102. In: Le concile de Clermont de 1095 et l’appel à la croisade. Actes du Colloque Universitaire International de Clermont-Ferrand (23-25 juin 1995) Rome : École Française de Rome, 1997. pp. 155-166. (Publications de l'École française de Rome, 236)
