Objective. To describe determinants of diet-related behavior and physical activity in First Nations for development of culturally appropriate diabetes prevention programs.
Design. Cross-sectional ...24-hour dietary recalls (n=129), random household risk factor surveys of primary food preparers/shoppers (n=133), and accelerometry (n=81) were assessed in First Nations adults.
Setting. Nine Anishinaabe (Ojibwe and Oji-Cree) First Nations in northwestern Ontario, Canada.
Results. Descriptive statistics (mean, SD, range) were calculated for all outcomes (dietary intake, psychosocial determinants of diabetes risk factors, dietary behaviors, physical activity, and body mass index, BMI) and t-tests were performed to examine differences in means between remote and semi-remote communities. Regression models adjusting for sociodemographic factors were also fit for the outcome measures. Respondents reported high-energy intake (2676 and 2060 kcal/day for men and women, respectively) and acquired higher fat/higher sugar/lower fiber foods up to 30 times more often than healthier alternatives. Over 80% of respondents were overweight or obese (BMI >25 kg/m
2
) with no significant difference between remote and semi-remote communities. Employment and having diabetes or impaired glucose tolerance were positively associated with BMI. Food intention scores were positively associated with healthy food acquisition scores. Younger respondents in semi-remote communities were more likely to have higher knowledge scores. Food intention scores were predicted by outcome expectations; outcome expectations by self-efficacy.
Conclusions. Diabetes prevention programs for First Nations should focus on improving physical activity and dietary intake by targeting specific risk group needs. Food knowledge, self-efficacy, outcome expectations, and intention are important factors in understanding those needs.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IJS, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, OILJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VSZLJ
To describe determinants of diet-related behavior and physical activity in First Nations for development of culturally appropriate diabetes prevention programs. DESIGN. Cross-sectional 24-hour ...dietary recalls (n=129), random household risk factor surveys of primary food preparers/shoppers (n=133), and accelerometry (n=81) were assessed in First Nations adults.
Nine Anishinaabe (Ojibwe and Oji-Cree) First Nations in northwestern Ontario, Canada.
Descriptive statistics (mean, SD, range) were calculated for all outcomes (dietary intake, psychosocial determinants of diabetes risk factors, dietary behaviors, physical activity, and body mass index, BMI) and t-tests were performed to examine differences in means between remote and semi-remote communities. Regression models adjusting for sociodemographic factors were also fit for the outcome measures. Respondents reported high-energy intake (2676 and 2060 kcal/day for men and women, respectively) and acquired higher fat/higher sugar/lower fiber foods up to 30 times more often than healthier alternatives. Over 80% of respondents were overweight or obese (BMI >25 kg/m(2)) with no significant difference between remote and semi-remote communities. Employment and having diabetes or impaired glucose tolerance were positively associated with BMI. Food intention scores were positively associated with healthy food acquisition scores. Younger respondents in semi-remote communities were more likely to have higher knowledge scores. Food intention scores were predicted by outcome expectations; outcome expectations by self-efficacy.
Diabetes prevention programs for First Nations should focus on improving physical activity and dietary intake by targeting specific risk group needs. Food knowledge, self-efficacy, outcome expectations, and intention are important factors in understanding those needs.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IJS, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, OILJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VSZLJ
Background and Objectives
During an evolving public health crisis, news organizations disseminate information rapidly, much of which is uncertain, dynamic, and difficult to verify. We examine factors ...related to international news coverage of
H1N
1 during the first month after the outbreak in late
A
pril 2009 and consider the news media's role as an information source during an emerging pandemic.
Methods
Data on
H1N
1 news were compiled in real time from newspaper websites across twelve countries between
A
pril 29, 2009 and
M
ay 28, 2009. A news sample was purposively constructed to capture variation in countries' prior experience with avian influenza outbreaks and pandemic preparation efforts. We analyzed the association between
H1N
1 news volume and four predictor variables: geographic region, prior experience of a novel flu strain (
H5N
1), existence of a national pandemic plan, and existence of a localized
H1N
1 outbreak.
Results
H1N1 news was initially extensive but declined rapidly (
OR
= 0·85,
P
< .001). Pandemic planning did not predict newsworthiness. However, countries with prior avian flu experience had higher news volume (
OR
= 1·411,
P
< .05), suggesting that
H1N
1 newsworthiness was bolstered by past experiences. The proportion of
H1N
1 news was significantly lower in
E
urope than elsewhere (
OR
= 0·388,
P
< 0·05). Finally, coverage of
H1N
1 increased after a first in‐country case (
OR
= 1·415,
P
< .01), interrupting the pattern of coverage decline.
Conclusions
Findings demonstrate the enhanced newsworthiness of localized threats, even during an emerging pandemic. We discuss implications for news media's role in effective public health communication throughout an epidemic given the demonstrated precipitous decline in news interest.
Currently circulating influenza B viruses can be divided into two antigenically and genetically distinct lineages referred to by their respective prototype strains, B/Yamagata/16/88 and ...B/Victoria/2/87, based on amino acid differences in the hemagglutinin surface glycoprotein. During May and July 2005, clinical specimens from two early season influenza B outbreaks in Arizona and southeastern Nepal were subjected to antigenic (hemagglutinin inhibition) and nucleotide sequence analysis of hemagglutinin (HA1), neuraminidase (NA), and NB genes. All isolates exhibited little reactivity with the B/Shanghai/361/2002 (B/Yamagata-like) vaccine strain and significantly reduced reactivity with the previous 2003/04 B/Hong Kong/330/2001 (B/Victoria-like) vaccine strain. The majority of isolates were antigenically similar to B/Hawaii/33/2004, a B/Victoria-like reference strain. Sequence analysis indicated that 33 of 34 isolates contained B/Victoria-like HA and B/Yamagata-like NA and NB proteins. Thus, these outbreak isolates are both antigenically and genetically distinct from the current Northern Hemisphere vaccine virus strain as well as the previous 2003-04 B/Hong Kong/330/2001 (B/Victoria lineage) vaccine virus strain but are genetically similar to B/Malaysia/2506/2004, the vaccine strain proposed for the coming seasons in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. Since these influenza B outbreaks occurred in two very distant geographical locations, these viruses may continue to circulate during the 2006 season, underscoring the importance of rapid molecular monitoring of HA, NA and NB for drift and reassortment.
Objective. To describe determinants of diet-related behavior and physical activity in First Nations for development of culturally appropriate diabetes prevention programs. Design. Cross-sectional ...24-hour dietary recalls (n = 129), random household risk factor surveys of primary food preparers/shoppers (n= 133), and accelerometry (n=81) were assessed in First Nations adults. Setting. Nine Anishinaabe (Ojibwe and Oji-Cree) First Nations in northwestern Ontario, Canada. Results. Descriptive statistics (mean, SD, range) were calculated for all outcomes (dietary intake, psychosocial determinants of diabetes risk factors, dietary behaviors, physical activity, and body mass index, BMI) and t-tests were performed to examine differences in means between remote and semi-remote communities. Regression models adjusting for sociodemographic factors were also fit for the outcome measures. Respondents reported high-energy intake (2676 and 2060 kcal/day for men and women, respectively) and acquired higher fat/higher sugar/lower fiber foods up to 30 times more often than healthier alternatives. Over 80% of respondents were overweight or obese (BMI >25 kg/m super(2)) with no significant difference between remote and semi-remote communities. Employment and having diabetes or impaired glucose tolerance were positively associated with BMI. Food intention scores were positively associated with healthy food acquisition scores. Younger respondents in semi-remote communities were more likely to have higher knowledge scores. Food intention scores were predicted by outcome expectations; outcome expectations by self-efficacy. Conclusions. Diabetes prevention programs for First Nations should focus on improving physical activity and dietary intake by targeting specific risk group needs. Food knowledge, self-efficacy, outcome expectations, and intention are important factors in understanding those needs.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IJS, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, OILJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VSZLJ
The discrepancy between proton electromagnetic form factors extracted using unpolarized and polarized scattering data is believed to be a consequence of two-photon exchange (TPE) effects. However, ...the calculations of TPE corrections have significant model dependence, and there is limited direct experimental evidence for such corrections. The TPE contributions depend on the sign of the lepton charge in e±p scattering, but the luminosities of secondary positron beams limited past measurement at large scattering angles, where the TPE effects are believe to be most significant. We present the results of a new experimental technique for making direct e±p comparisons, which has the potential to make precise measurements over a broad range in Q2 and scattering angles. We use the Jefferson Laboratory electron beam and the Hall B photon tagger to generate a clean but untagged photon beam. The photon beam impinges on a converter foil to generate a mixed beam of electrons, positrons, and photons. A chicane is used to separate and recombine the electron and positron beams while the photon beam is stopped by a photon blocker. This provides a combined electron and positron beam, with energies from 0.5 to 3.2 GeV, which impinges on a liquid hydrogen target. The large acceptance CLAS detector is used to identify and reconstruct elastic scattering events, determining both the initial lepton energy and the sign of the scattered lepton. The data were collected in two days with a primary electron beam energy of only 3.3 GeV, limiting the data from this run to smaller values of Q2 and scattering angle. Nonetheless, this measurement yields a data sample for e±p with statistics comparable to those of the best previous measurements. We have shown that we can cleanly identify elastic scattering events and correct for the difference in acceptance for electron and positron scattering. Because we ran with only one polarity for the chicane, we are unable to study the difference between the incoming electron and positron beams. This systematic effect leads to the largest uncertainty in the final ratio of positron to electron scattering: R=1.027±0.005±0.05 for < Q2 >=0.206 GeV2 and 0.830 ≤ ε ≤ 0.943. We have demonstrated that the tertiary e± beam generated using this technique provides the opportunity for dramatically improved comparisons of e±p scattering, covering a significant range in both Q2 and scattering angle. Combining data with different chicane polarities will allow for detailed studies of the difference between the incoming e+ and e- beams.
This paper compares the effect of temperature changes on the superstructure of bridges, above all the effect of non-uniform temperature. Loadings according to standards ESN 73 6203, ENV 1991-1-5 and ...DIN 1072 are compared here. The paper shows a short summary of temperature loading according to each standard and shows the comparison of bending moments arisen from these temperature loadings on superstructure made from continuous girder from a steel-concrete box girder with a composite concrete slab. With respect to a variety of design processes, the comparison is made without any coefficient of loading, combination or material.
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