ABSTRACT
There are a range of UV models available, but one needs significant pre‐existing knowledge and experience in order to be able to use them. In this article a comparatively simple Web‐based ...model developed for the SoDa (Integration and Exploitation of Networked Solar Radiation Databases for Environment Monitoring) project is presented. This is a clear‐sky model with modifications for cloud effects. To determine if the model produces realistic UV data the output is compared with 1 year sets of hourly measurements at sites in the United Kingdom and Thailand. The accuracy of the output depends on the input, but reasonable results were obtained with the use of the default database inputs and improved when pyranometer instead of modeled data provided the global radiation input needed to estimate the UV. The average modeled values of UV for the UK site were found to be within 10% of measurements. For the tropical sites in Thailand the average modeled values were within 1120% of measurements for the four sites with the use of the default SoDa database values. These results improved when pyranometer data and TOMS ozone data from 2002 replaced the standard SoDa database values, reducing the error range for all four sites to less than 15%.
Forward genetics screens with N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU) provide a powerful way to illuminate gene function and generate mouse models of human disease; however, the identification of causative ...mutations remains a limiting step. Current strategies depend on conventional mapping, so the propagation of affected mice requires non-lethal screens; accurate tracking of phenotypes through pedigrees is complex and uncertain; out-crossing can introduce unexpected modifiers; and Sanger sequencing of candidate genes is inefficient. Here we show how these problems can be efficiently overcome using whole-genome sequencing (WGS) to detect the ENU mutations and then identify regions that are identical by descent (IBD) in multiple affected mice. In this strategy, we use a modification of the Lander-Green algorithm to isolate causative recessive and dominant mutations, even at low coverage, on a pure strain background. Analysis of the IBD regions also allows us to calculate the ENU mutation rate (1.54 mutations per Mb) and to model future strategies for genetic screens in mice. The introduction of this approach will accelerate the discovery of causal variants, permit broader and more informative lethal screens to be used, reduce animal costs, and herald a new era for ENU mutagenesis.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Oropharyngeal lipomas are rare tumours. We present the case of a young man with an asymptomatic lipoma almost completely occluding his supraglottic airway, found on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) ...for a separate oral cavity lesion. Pre-operative anaesthetic assessment was undertaken because of the risk of airway obstruction at induction of general anaesthesia. We discuss the awake fibre-optic technique used for induction, as well as the treatment and follow-up of these tumours. This case highlights the need for formal anaesthetic assessment, in such cases, to avoid total airway obstruction at induction of general anaesthesia. It also emphasizes the extent of supraglottic obstruction that can be present without giving rise to any symptoms.
Aerodynamic Flow Simulation Derksen, R W; Rimmer, J
WIT Transactions on Engineering Sciences,
01/2006, Letnik:
52
Journal Article
Odprti dostop
This paper reports our experience of applying a vortex cloud model to simulate the flow over airfoil sections at low-Reynolds numbers. Low-Reynolds number aerodynamics has become increasingly ...important of late due to interest in the development of unmanned aerial vehicles. The current state-of-the-art consists of a good base of modern experimental data, but relies on simulation methods based on high-Reynolds number experience. Vortex cloud models are numerical flow simulation methods that are based on inviscid flow tools. The method continuously injects many free vortices within the flow field and tracks their convection with time. The convective velocity is determined from the inviscid velocity component due to any bodies within the flow field, all free vortices, and a random component. The random component of the velocity field introduces a viscous effect and its value is scaled to the Reynolds number. Vortex cloud models are believed to be capable of modelling viscous flows and should be able to model separated flow without introducing special methods. We will provide an assessment of the predicted flow for a range of angles of attack for a selected set of airfoils when compared to the very good low-Reynolds number airfoil datacompiled by Selig and his co-workers.
We measured vertical and horizontal diameters of the optic disk and retrobulbar optic nerve in eyes from 95 patients on whom autopsies were performed at the UCLA Medical Center over a 20-year period. ...Ages at death ranged from 4.8 months' gestation to 21.9 years. Optic disk surface area and nerve cross-sectional area were calculated for each subject by using the formula for an ellipse. Approximately 50% of the growth of the optic disk and nerve occurs by 20 weeks' gestation, and 75% by birth; 95% of the growth occurs before the age of 1 year. All optic disk and nerve measurements correlate strongly (correlations > .67; P < .0001) with subject height and globe anteroposterior diameter. We applied our results to the current understanding of optic disk and nerve development, and compared them to previous clinical and pathologic studies of optic nerve dimensions in adults and older children.
: Electronic patient records provide an opportunity for real‐time access to patient information at the bedside, which has the potential to improve healthcare quality because it would increase ...efficiency and facilitate best practice. Patients in this study reported that portable computers used at the bedside did not affect the clinician‐patient relationship. Many patients thought that the technology was a valuable tool and that it could foster an efficient hospital atmosphere and promote reliable and accurate medical documentation.
Chemical compositions of exoplanets can provide key insights into their physical processes, and formation and evolutionary histories. Atmospheric spectroscopy provides a direct avenue to probe ...exoplanetary compositions. However, whether obtained in transit or thermal emission, spectroscopic observations probe limited pressure windows of planetary atmospheres and are directly sensitive to only a limited set of spectroscopically active species. It is therefore critical to have chemical models that can relate retrieved atmospheric compositions to an atmosphere's bulk physical and chemical state. To this end we present LEVI, a new chemical kinetics code for modelling exoplanetary atmospheres. LEVI calculates the gas phase hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, and nitrogen chemistry in planetary atmospheres. Here we focus on hot gas giants. Applying LEVI, we investigate how variations in bulk C/O and N/O affects the observable atmospheric chemistry in hot Jupiters. For typical hot Jupiters we demonstrate the strong sensitivity of molecular detections to the atmospheric C/O. Molecular detections are conversely less sensitive to the atmospheric N/O ratio, although highly super-solar N/O can decrease the C/O required for HCN and NH3 detection. Using a new P-T profile for HD 209458b without a thermal inversion, we evaluate recently reported detection's of CO, H2O and HCN in its day-side atmosphere. We find that our models are consistent with the detected species, albeit with a narrow compositional window around C/O \(\sim\) 1. A C/O \(\gtrsim\) 0.9 (1.6 times solar) was required to meet the minimum reported value for HCN, while a C/O \(\lesssim\) 1 (1.8 times solar) was required to fit the nominal H2O abundance.
This paper describes CSF, a general equilibrium model encompassing factors of relevance to economic efficiency in Federal/State funding including: interstate differences in tax bases and unit costs ...of State‐provided goods; factor mobility; congestion; State‐government behaviour incorporating the possibility that governments in subsidised States embark on expenditures with low benefit/cost ratios (flypaper effects); fiscal externalities; and non‐discretionary expenditures in each State associated with special national responsibilities. The model is applied to Australia where Federal/State funding is a major political and economic issue. Welfare effects of moving from the present Australian funding system based on fiscal equalisation to a system of equal‐per‐capita grants are calculated. CSF implies that the welfare gain from this move would be small. The most important source of potential welfare gain is a reduction in flypaper effects. The recognition of congestion externalities can eliminate the small welfare gain, but only under seemingly extreme assumptions. The results are not very sensitive to variations in assumptions concerning population mobility and fiscal externalities.
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