The composition of essential oil isolated from Satureja thymbra, growing wild in Libya, was analyzed by GC and GC-MS. The essential oil was characterized by γ-terpinene (39.23%), thymol (25.16%), ...p-cymene (7.17%) and carvacrol (4.18%) as the major constituents. Antioxidant activity was analyzed using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging method. It possessed strong antioxidant activity (IC50 = 0.0967 mg/mL). The essential oil was also screened for its antimicrobial activity against eight bacterial and eight fungal species, showing excellent antimicrobial activity against the microorganisms used, in particular against the fungi. The oil of S. thymbra showed bacteriostatic activity at 0.001-0.1 mg/mL and was bactericidal at 0.002-0.2 mg/mL; fungistatic effects at 0.001-0.025 mg/mL and fungicidal effects at 0.001-0.1 mg/mL. The main constituents thymol, carvacrol and γ-terpinene also showed strong antimicrobial activity. The commercial fungicide bifonazole showed much lower antifungal activity than the tested oil.
The essential oil, different extracts, and isolated compounds of Angelica pancicii Vandas (Apiaceae) were investigated for the first time. The GC-FID and GC-MS analyses revealed sesquiterpenoids as ...the main constituents of A. pancicii essential oil of aerial parts with bornyl acetate (8.08%), n-octanol (5.82%), kessane (4.26%), and β-selinene (4.26%) as the main constituents. Analysis of methanol extracts, using an HPLC-DAD/ESI-ToF-MS system, showed a total of 52 compounds in the aerial parts and 53 in the roots, indicating coumarins as the main constituents. In addition, new chromone (1) and six known furanocoumarins (2–7) were isolated from the roots and structurally elucidated by combined spectroscopic methods. The aerial part extracts exhibited higher polyphenolic contents and antioxidant activity evaluated by three radical scavenging assays. Using a microwell dilution method, the strongest antibacterial activity profiles were determined for ethanol and methanol root extracts (minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBCs) = 0.25–3.00 mg/mL), which were comparable to the activity of streptomycin (MBCs = 0.34–1.24 mg/mL), while the strongest antibacterial compound of A. pancicii was oxypeucedanin hydrate (MBCs = 0.50–8.00 mg/mL). Antifungal potential was in moderate extent, and the highest activity was obtained for root methanol extract (minimum fungicidal concentrations (MFCs) = 4.00–14.00 mg/mL). Tested sub-minimum inhibitory concentrations (subMICs) of the extracts and isolated compounds inhibited selected Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 virulence determinants. The most reduced growth of P. aeruginosa colony was in the presence of isolated oxypeucedanin. Ethanol (17.36–46.98%) and methanol (34.54–52.43%) root extracts showed higher anti-biofilm activity compared to streptomycin (49.40–88.36%) and ampicillin (56.46–92.16%).
•JEO yield increased with increasing swelling time and with decreasing grinding time.•The highest JEO yield was obtained from the one-minute dry-ground juniper berries.•JEO of the best quality was ...obtained from the wet-ground juniper berries.•A new kinetic model was developed for classical and microwave-assisted HD.
The present paper dealt with the influence of the common juniper berries pretreatment on the yield, chemical composition and extraction kinetics of juniper essential oil (JEO) obtained by classical (HD) and microwave-assisted hydrodistillation (MAHD). The highest JEO yield was obtained by HD from one-minute dry-ground juniper berries (2.23 ± 0.00 g/100 g). No statistically significant influence of swelling and distillation technique on JEO yield was observed. Therefore, the optimal pretreatment process involved no swelling and one-minute grinding. However, no significant difference in the chemical composition of the JEOs obtained by the two techniques was observed. A new phenomenological kinetic model was developed on the basis of the mechanism of JEO extraction by both HD MAHD, which assumed three simultaneously-occurring stages: washing, unhindered diffusion and hindered diffusion. The main advantage of developed model was its ability to describe the variations of JEO yield and distillation rates with time. Furthermore, it had the smallest mean relative percentage deviation compared to the well-known kinetics models and the parameters that all were statistically significant, so it was recommended for modeling the kinetics of JEO extraction by HD and especially MAHD.
•H. officinalis subsp. pilifer essential oil and deodorised extracts were studied.•1.8-Cineole, β-pinene and isopinocamphone were main compounds in the oil.•Syringic, chlorogenic, feruloylquinic, ...rosmarinic acids were characterized.•Essential oil and extract revealed lower antifungal activity than bifonazole.•DAE exhibited the best antioxidant activity and higher total phenolic content.
The aim of the study was to investigate the chemical composition of Hyssopus officinalis L. subsp. pilifer (Pant.) Murb. essential oil (EO) and deodorized extracts (DE) and to evaluate their potential antifungal and antioxidant activities. EO was analyzed by GC–FID and GC–MS. Among the 30 compounds identified in the oil, the main were 1.8-cineole (36.43%), β-pinene (19.55%), isopinocamphone (15.32%) and trans-pinocamphone (6.39%). Deodorized aqueous extract (DAE) was analyzed by LC-DAD/ESI-TOF MS. The most significant phenolic acids detected in DAE were syringic, caffeoylqunic acids, feruloylquinic and rosmarinic acid. Aspergillus niger, A. ochraceus, A. versicolor, A. fumigatus, Cladosporium cladosporioides, C. fulvum, Penicillium funiculosum, P. ochrochloron, Trichoderma viride and Candida albicans yeast were used for antifungal assay. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and minimum fungicidal concentrations (MFCs) of the tested EO and DEs were recorded by the microdilution method. The antioxidant potential of the extracts was evaluated by means of the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazil (DPPH) radical scavenging method. The deodorized aqueous extract (DAE) possessed the highest scavenging activity (EC50=0.54mg/ml) followed by the deodorized methanol extract (DME) (EC50=0.82mg/ml) and deodorized ethyl acetate extract (DEE) (EC50=2.97mg/ml). EO possessed the lowest activities compared to other extracts and control substances. Total phenolic content of DEs was determined by Folin–Ciocalteau (FC) assay and gallic acid was used as the standard. DAE of H. officinalis subsp. pilifer exhibited the highest phenolic content 96.47 GAE.
Many
Eryngium
species have been traditionally used as ornamental, edible or medicinal plants. The gas chromatography-flame ionization detector (GC-FID) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry ...(GC–MS) analyses have shown that the major compounds in the aerial parts were spathulenol (in
E. campestre
and
E. palmatum
oils) and germacrene D (in
E. amethystinum
oil). The main compounds in the root oil were nonanoic acid, 2,3,4-trimethylbenzaldehyde and octanoic acid for
E. campestre
,
E. amethystinum
and
E. palmatum
, respectively. All the oils expressed the highest potential against Gram-positive bacteria
Staphylococcus aureus
as well as Gram-negative
Klebsiella pneumoniae
and
Proteus mirabilis
. Molecular docking analysis was used for determining a potential antibacterial activity mechanism of compounds present in the essential oils. Molecular docking confirmed that the binding affinity of spathulenol to the active site of tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase was the highest among the tested dominant compounds. Regarding the total phenolic content (determined by the Folin–Ciocalteu assay) and flavonoid content (evaluated using aluminum nitrate nonahydrate), the highest amount was found in the ethyl acetate extract of
E. palmatum
. The results of DPPH and ABTS assay indicated that the highest antioxidant activity was present in the water extract of
E. amethystinum
. Extracts of the aerial parts presented as minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) expressed the activity in the range 0.004–20.00 mg/mL, with the highest activity exhibited by the acetone and ethyl acetate extracts against
Proteus mirabilis
. The obtained results suggest that
Eryngium
species may be considered a beneficial native source of the compounds with antioxidant and antimicrobial properties.
•Supercritical extracts of Thymus praecox ssp. polytrichus were studied.•Thymol (29.36% and 16.46%) was the main component in supercritical extracts.•Supercritical extracts showed stronger ...antimicrobial activity than control.•MIC varied from 38 to 200μg/ml for bacteria, and from 17 to 150μg/ml for fungi.•Supercritical extracts showed lower antioxidant activity than BHA and BHT.
The chemical composition, antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of Thymus praecox extracts obtained by fractional supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) with carbon dioxide were investigated. Properties of supercritical extracts and extracts obtained by Soxhlet extraction were compared. The chemical composition of extracts was determined using GC–FID and GC–MS analytical methods. The antimicrobial activity of extracts was evaluated against 16 pathogenic microorganisms using microdilution method. Antioxidant potential of extracts to neutralize DPPH radicals was also investigated. Investigated supercritical extracts showed better antimicrobial activity than commercial antibiotics (streptomycin and ampicillin) and commercial fungicides (bifonazol and ketoconazole) against all tested strains. For bacteria MIC and MBC were 38–200μg/ml and 75–300μg/ml, respectively, while for fungi MIC and MFC were 17–150μg/ml and 35–300μg/ml, respectively.
GC-FID and GC-MS were used to determine the chemical composition of the essential oil of the aerial parts of
Heracleum orphanidis
Boiss. Also, the HPLC-DAD/ESI-ToF-MS profile of the methanol extracts ...of aerial parts and roots was determined. The main components of the essential oil were
n
-octanol, octyl hexanoate and
n
-octyl acetate, while coumarins were the most prevalent compounds in methanol extracts. An evaluation of antioxidant activity showed that the methanol and aqueous extracts of the aerial parts had the highest potential. In terms of antimicrobial activity determined by microdilution assays, the essential oil and methanol extract of the roots showed the greatest effectiveness. The colonies of
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
PAO1 treated with
H. orphanidis
samples produced less toxic pyocyanin, showed lower twitching and flagella mobility and biofilm formatting was reduced. The analyses in this study showed the considerable biological potential of
H
.
orphanidis
considering free radicals and various pathogenic strains, including the wild type of
P. aeruginosa
.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
treated with
Heracleumorphanidis
showed lower twitching and flagella motility.
The composition of essential oil isolated from Thymus algeriensis growing wild in Libya was analyzed by GC and GC-MS. The essential oil was characterized with thymol (38.50%) as the major component. ...The oil was screened for antioxidant activity using DPPH assay, and compared to thymol and carvacrol. Antioxidant activity was high, with the IC₅₀ of 0.299 mg/ml, compared to 0.403 and 0.105 mg/ml for thymol and carvacrol, and 0.0717 mg/ml for BHA. In addition, antimicrobial activity was tested against eight bacteria and eight fungi. T. algeriensis oil showed inhibitory activity against tested bacteria at 0.001–0.05 mg/ml, while bactericidal activity (MBC) was achieved at 0.0025–0.05 mg/ml. For antifungal activity MICs ranged 0.0005–0.025 mg/ml and MFC 0.001–0.05 mg/ml. High antimicrobial activity against the fungi in particular suggests that the essential oil of Thymus algeriensis could have a useful practical application.
Composition of the essential oils of Rosmarinus officinalis of ten populations from the Balkan Peninsula were determined by GC/FID and GC/MS. The main constituents were 1,8‐cineole, camphor, ...α‐pinene, and borneol. Multivariate statistical analysis (UPGMA cluster analysis and principal‐component analysis (PCA)) revealed two major types of rosemary oil, i.e., 1,8‐cineole and camphor‐type, and two intermediate types, i.e., camphor/1,8‐cineole/borneol type and 1,8‐cineole/camphor type. The regression analyses (simple linear regression and stepwise multiple regression) have shown that, with respect to basic geographic, orographic, and 19 bioclimatic characteristics of each population, bioclimatic factor temperature of habitat represented the dominant abiogenetic factor, which, in chemical sense, led to differentiation of populations in the studied region. Also, the regression analysis have shown that some constituents of essential oils are independent of any single bioclimatic factors. However, some constituents display statistically significant correlations with some abiotic factors.
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