Across six experiments, the authors demonstrate that superficial imperfections in the form of packaging damage can engender negative consumer reactions that shape subsequent attitudes and behaviors ...in ways that are not always objectively justified. Their findings show that these reactions function in a relatively automatic fashion, even emerging under conditions in which the packaging damage does not convey information about a health and safety threat from the product. The authors extend work on contagion to show that superficial packaging damage can act as a contamination cue, automatically activating thoughts of contamination and health and safety concerns. This tendency to avoid superficial packaging damage can be eliminated by counteracting these thoughts of contamination. This can be done with positive brand associations (i.e., by branding the product as organic) or by creating a physical buffer between the packaging damage and the product itself. The authors close with a discussion of implications for marketers, consumers, and public policy makers.
Tourism experience management research Brent Ritchie, J.R.; Wing Sun Tung, Vincent; J.B. Ritchie, Robin
International journal of contemporary hospitality management,
05/2011, Letnik:
23, Številka:
4
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Purpose
– The essence of tourism is the development and delivery of travel and visitation experiences. This paper aims to provide a quantitative and qualitative assessment of articles in major ...tourism journals in order to enhance our understanding of the tourism experience, with a special emphasis on the management issues associated with delivering these experiences to destination visitors.
Design/methodology/approach
– Several leading tourism journals were evaluated to identify the articles that focused on tourism experiences. Content analysis was used to determine the quantitative extent of the contributions and the qualitative nature of the articles published in each journal.
Findings
– Despite growth in the total number of articles published by each major journal, there was no substantial increase in experience-related papers. The findings suggest that, despite its fundamental importance, experience-related research remains under-represented in the tourism literature.
Research limitations/implications
– While this paper focused on the “leading” tourism journals as defined by various studies in the past, other journals and other publications that target a specific niche readership may also have worthwhile contributions to the understanding of tourism experiences and related management issues. Future research should seek to accommodate this in an effort to acknowledge a more comprehensive list of journals and books.
Originality/value
– This is the first formal study to date that comprehensively addresses the contributions of leading tourism journals to the literature on tourism experiences. Understanding the nature of tourism experiences is of significant value to scholars and practitioners, since providing tourists with high-quality, memorable experiences constitutes the essence of tourism and tourism management.
The authors show that deceptive advertising engenders distrust, which negatively affects people's responses to subsequent advertising from both the same source and second-party sources. This negative ...bias operates through a process of defensive stereotyping, in which the initial deception induces negative beliefs about advertising and marketing in general, thus undermining the credibility of further advertising.
Corrective advertising can be problematic because it undermines responses both to other products advertised by the corrected firm and to products advertised by second-party advertisers. However, a ...positive reputation insulates second-party firms from these carryover effects, provided that this reputation is based on an endorsement from an independent regulator. Furthermore, firm responses that include an explanation for the misleading claim prove to be effective in avoiding the negative side effects of correction. These findings add to the correction literature by (1) showing that this form of regulation can have much broader side effects than demonstrated previously, (2) identifying distrust as the mechanism by which these effects occur, and (3) suggesting strategies to protect firms from the negative side effects of correction. The findings also support the defensive consumer distrust model and help define the scope of this model. PUBLICATION ABSTRACT
This article provides guidelines for the establishment of a comprehensive state/provincial destination marketing information system (DMIS). More specifically, it describes the process by which the ...tourism industry in Alberta, Canada developed a framework for the acquisition of timely research and intelligence to maintain and enhance its competitiveness as a travel destination. In keeping with a government mandate for greater public–private sector partnership, consideration was given to two equally important, but functionally distinct end users: (1) Travel Alberta, the province's destination marketing organization, which uses information to guide strategic marketing priorities and create cooperative marketing opportunities for industry, and (2) local tourism operators, who demand information to improve their marketing decisions in service of individual business objectives. The needs of these key audience groups were identified and addressed using a comprehensive three-step approach: (1) Interviews were conducted with key industry players to identify research and intelligence needs, (2) information sources were sought to respond to the identified needs, and (3) solutions were identified to deliver high-quality information at an affordable cost. The end result of this process is a framework that can serve as a useful model for other jurisdictions seeking to develop a DMIS. While the Alberta framework will require ongoing evaluation to ensure its validity and accuracy, it possesses an important quality frequently lacking in this type of endeavor: the broad-based endorsement of tourism operators.
Summary Background The decision about whether to treat an unruptured brain arteriovenous malformation (AVM) depends on a comparison of the estimated lifetime risk of intracranial haemorrhage with the ...risks of interventional treatment. We aimed to test whether outcome differs between adults who had interventional AVM treatment and those who did not. Methods All adults in Scotland who were first diagnosed with an unruptured AVM during 1999–2003 (n=114) entered our prospective, population-based study. We compared the baseline characteristics and 3-year outcome of adults who received interventional treatment for their AVM (n=63) with those who did not (n=51). Findings At presentation, adults who were treated were younger (mean 40 vs 55 years of age, 95% CI for difference 9–20; p<0·0001), more likely to present with a seizure (odds ratio 2·4, 95% CI 1·1–5·0), and had fewer comorbidities (median 3 vs 4, p=0·03) than those who were not treated. Despite these baseline imbalances, treated and untreated groups did not differ in progression to Oxford Handicap Scale (OHS) scores of 2–6 (log-rank p=0·12) or 3–6 (log-rank p=0·98) in survival analyses. In a multivariable Cox proportional hazards analysis, the risk of poor outcome (OHS 2–6) was greater in patients who had interventional treatment than in those who did not (hazard ratio 2·5, 95% CI 1·1–6·0) and was greater in patients with a larger AVM nidus (hazard ratio 1·3, 95% CI 1·1–1·7). The treated and untreated groups did not differ in time to an OHS score of 2 or more that was sustained until the end of the third year of follow-up, or in the spectrum of dependence as measured by the OHS at 1, 2, and 3 years of follow-up. Interpretation Greater AVM size and interventional treatment were associated with worse short-term functional outcome for unruptured AVMs, but the longer-term effects of intervention are unclear.
Corrective advertising can be problematic because it undermines responses both to other products advertised by the corrected firm and to products advertised by second-party advertisers. However, a ...positive reputation insulates second-party firms from these carryover effects, provided that this reputation is based on an endorsement from an independent regulator. Furthermore, firm responses that include an explanation for the misleading claim prove to be effective in avoiding the negative side effects of correction. These findings add to the correction literature by (1) showing that this form of regulation can have much broader side effects than demonstrated previously, (2) identifying distrust as the mechanism by which these effects occur, and (3) suggesting strategies to protect firms from the negative side effects of correction. The findings also support the defensive consumer distrust model and help define the scope of this model.
Background There is good evidence that elevated amyloid-beta (Abeta) positron emission tomography (PET) signal is associated with cognitive decline in clinically normal (CN) individuals. However, it ...is less well established whether there is an association between the Abeta burden and decline in daily living activities in this population. Moreover, Abeta-PET Centiloids (CL) thresholds that can optimally predict functional decline have not yet been established. Methods Cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses over a mean three-year timeframe were performed on the European amyloid-PET imaging AMYPAD-PNHS dataset that phenotypes 1260 individuals, including 1032 CN individuals and 228 participants with questionable functional impairment. Amyloid-PET was assessed continuously on the Centiloid (CL) scale and using Abeta groups (CL < 12 = Abeta-, 12 less than or equal to CL less than or equal to 50 = Abeta-intermediate/Abeta+ or - , CL > 50 = Abeta+). Functional abilities were longitudinally assessed using the Clinical Dementia Rating (Global-CDR, CDR-SOB) and the Amsterdam Instrumental Activities of Daily Living Questionnaire (A-IADL-Q). The Global-CDR was available for the 1260 participants at baseline, while baseline CDR-SOB and A-IADL-Q scores and longitudinal functional data were available for different subsamples that had similar characteristics to those of the entire sample. Results Participants included 765 Abeta- (61%, Mdn.sub.age = 66.0, IQR.sub.age = 61.0-71.0; 59% women), 301 Abeta+ or - (24%; Mdn.sub.age = 69.0, IQR.sub.age = 64.0-75.0; 53% women) and 194 Abeta+ individuals (15%, Mdn.sub.age = 73.0, IQR.sub.age = 68.0-78.0; 53% women). Cross-sectionally, CL values were associated with CDR outcomes. Longitudinally, baseline CL values predicted prospective changes in the CDR-SOB (b.sub.CL*Time = 0.001/CL/year, 95% CI 0.0005,0.0024, p = .003) and A-IADL-Q (b.sub.CL*Time = -0.010/CL/year, 95% CI -0.016,-0.004, p = .002) scores in initially CN participants. Increased clinical progression (Global-CDR > 0) was mainly observed in Abeta+ CN individuals (HR.sub.Abeta+ vs Abeta- = 2.55, 95% CI 1.16,5.60, p = .020). Optimal thresholds for predicting decline were found at 41 CL using the CDR-SOB (b.sub.Abeta+ vs Abeta- = 0.137/year, 95% CI 0.069,0.206, p < .001) and 28 CL using the A-IADL-Q (b.sub.Abeta+ vs Abeta- = -0.693/year, 95% CI -1.179,-0.208, p = .005). Conclusions Amyloid-PET quantification supports the identification of CN individuals at risk of functional decline. Trial registration The AMYPAD PNHS is registered at www.clinicaltrialsregister.eu with the EudraCT Number: 2018-002277-22. Keywords: Amyloid-PET, Centiloid, Preclinical Alzheimer, Functional decline, Instrumental activities of daily living
Across six experiments, the authors demonstrate that superficial imperfections in the form of packaging damage can engender negative consumer reactions that shape subsequent attitudes and behaviors ...in ways that are not always objectively justified. Their findings show that these reactions function in a relatively automatic fashion, even emerging under conditions in which the packaging damage does not convey information about a health and safety threat from the product. The authors extend work on contagion to show that superficial packaging damage can act as a contamination cue, automatically activating thoughts of contamination and health and safety concerns. This tendency to avoid superficial packaging damage can be eliminated by counteracting these thoughts of contamination. This can be done with positive brand associations (i.e., by branding the product as organic) or by creating a physical buffer between the packaging damage and the product itself. The authors close with a discussion of implications for marketers, consumers, and public policy makers.
Based on previous findings, we hypothesised that radiotherapy to the prostate would improve overall survival in men with metastatic prostate cancer, and that the benefit would be greatest in patients ...with a low metastatic burden. We aimed to compare standard of care for metastatic prostate cancer, with and without radiotherapy.
We did a randomised controlled phase 3 trial at 117 hospitals in Switzerland and the UK. Eligible patients had newly diagnosed metastatic prostate cancer. We randomly allocated patients open-label in a 1:1 ratio to standard of care (control group) or standard of care and radiotherapy (radiotherapy group). Randomisation was stratified by hospital, age at randomisation, nodal involvement, WHO performance status, planned androgen deprivation therapy, planned docetaxel use (from December, 2015), and regular aspirin or non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug use. Standard of care was lifelong androgen deprivation therapy, with up-front docetaxel permitted from December, 2015. Men allocated radiotherapy received either a daily (55 Gy in 20 fractions over 4 weeks) or weekly (36 Gy in six fractions over 6 weeks) schedule that was nominated before randomisation. The primary outcome was overall survival, measured as the number of deaths; this analysis had 90% power with a one-sided α of 2·5% for a hazard ratio (HR) of 0·75. Secondary outcomes were failure-free survival, progression-free survival, metastatic progression-free survival, prostate cancer-specific survival, and symptomatic local event-free survival. Analyses used Cox proportional hazards and flexible parametric models, adjusted for stratification factors. The primary outcome analysis was by intention to treat. Two prespecified subgroup analyses tested the effects of prostate radiotherapy by baseline metastatic burden and radiotherapy schedule. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT00268476.
Between Jan 22, 2013, and Sept 2, 2016, 2061 men underwent randomisation, 1029 were allocated the control and 1032 radiotherapy. Allocated groups were balanced, with a median age of 68 years (IQR 63–73) and median amount of prostate-specific antigen of 97 ng/mL (33–315). 367 (18%) patients received early docetaxel. 1082 (52%) participants nominated the daily radiotherapy schedule before randomisation and 979 (48%) the weekly schedule. 819 (40%) men had a low metastatic burden, 1120 (54%) had a high metastatic burden, and the metastatic burden was unknown for 122 (6%). Radiotherapy improved failure-free survival (HR 0·76, 95% CI 0·68–0·84; p<0·0001) but not overall survival (0·92, 0·80–1·06; p=0·266). Radiotherapy was well tolerated, with 48 (5%) adverse events (Radiation Therapy Oncology Group grade 3–4) reported during radiotherapy and 37 (4%) after radiotherapy. The proportion reporting at least one severe adverse event (Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events grade 3 or worse) was similar by treatment group in the safety population (398 38% with control and 380 39% with radiotherapy).
Radiotherapy to the prostate did not improve overall survival for unselected patients with newly diagnosed metastatic prostate cancer.
Cancer Research UK, UK Medical Research Council, Swiss Group for Clinical Cancer Research, Astellas, Clovis Oncology, Janssen, Novartis, Pfizer, and Sanofi-Aventis.
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