Previous reviews have demonstrated that shift work and long work hours are associated with increased risk for chronic conditions. However, these reviews did not comprehensively assessed the body of ...evidence, and some were not conducted in a systematic manner. A better understanding of the health consequences of shift work and long work hours will aid in creating policy and practice recommendations. This review revisits the epidemiologic evidence on the association of shift work and long work hours with chronic conditions with particular emphasis on assessing the quality of the evidence.
We conducted a systematic review of systematic reviews with meta-analyses (SR-MA) that assessed the link between shift work or long work hours and chronic conditions (PROSPERO CRD42019122084). We evaluated the risk of bias of each SR-MA using AMSTAR v2 and assessed the overall evidence for each condition using the GRADE approach. We included 48 reviews covering cancers, cardiovascular diseases, metabolic syndrome and related conditions, pregnancy complications, depression, hypertension, and injuries. On average, only 7 of 16 AMSTAR items were fulfilled. Few SR-MAs had a registered protocol and nearly all failed to conduct a comprehensive search. We found moderate grade evidence linking shift work to breast cancer and long work hours to stroke. We found low grade evidence linking both shift work and long work hours with low to moderate increase in risk for some pregnancy complications and cardiovascular diseases. Low grade evidence also link long work hours and depression.
Moderate grade evidence suggest that shift work and long work hours increase the risk of breast cancer and stroke, but the evidence is unclear on other chronic conditions. There is a need for high-quality studies to address this gap. Stakeholders should be made aware of these increased risks, and additional screening and prevention should be considered, particularly for workers susceptible to breast cancer and stroke.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Benthic diatoms are relevant indicators of the ecological status of the littoral zone of lakes. Their use as bio-indicators is based on their morphological identification at species level using ...microscopy which is time consuming, requires taxonomic expertise, and is consequently expensive. To overcome these limitations, a molecular approach for diatom identification has been tested with success in rivers. DNA metabarcoding enables species identification from a standardized DNA barcode and high-throughput sequencing (HTS), using DNA reference library. The suitability of the morphological and molecular approaches to assess the diatom community structure and the ecological status of the littoral zone of the largest deep lake in France (Lake Bourget) was compared. 66 sites were sampled in August 2015 along the shoreline, all around the lake. The composition of diatom assemblages was similar with both morphological and molecular approaches, and diatom assemblages were structured by the same environmental factors. However, the ecological status of Lake Bourget differed significantly among approaches since floristic inventories to species level also differed significantly. The main source of this difference was the incompleteness of the DNA reference library. Nevertheless, in a near future, when this constraint will be solved, the use of DNA metabarcoding for biomonitoring purposes seems promising.
► HSS T3 and BEH C18 stationary phases have yielded good resolution for carotenoids. ► LC–MS/MS offers added selectivity and specificity to the simple LC–MS systems. ► LC–MS/MS allows to distinguish ...between carotenoids that coelute. ► Carotenoid analysis can be carried out using MS-TOF, IR, Raman and NMR.
High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) has become the method of choice for carotenoid analysis. Although a number of normal-phase columns have been reported, reverse-phase columns are the most widely used stationary phases for the analysis of these molecules. C18 and C30 stationary phases have provided good resolution for the separation of geometrical isomers and carotenoids with similar polarity. More recently ultra high-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) has been used. UHPLC has a number of distinct advantages over conventional HPLC. These include: faster analyses (due to shorter retention times), narrower peaks (giving increased signal-to-noise ratio) and higher sensitivity. High strength silica (HSS) T3 and C18 and ethylene bridged hybrid (BEH) C18 stationary phases, with sub-2
μm particles have been used successfully for UHPLC analysis and separation of carotenoids. A number of spectroscopic and mass spectrometric techniques have also been used for carotenoid qualitative and quantitative analysis. Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI/TOF-MS), atmospheric-pressure solids-analysis probe (ASAP) and Raman spectroscopy are used to profile rapidly and qualitative carotenoids present in different crude extracts. Such detection methods can be used directly for the analysis of samples without the need for sample preparation or chromatographic separation. Consequently, they allow for a fast screen for the detection of multiple analytes. Quantitative carotenoid analysis can be carried out using absorbance or mass detectors. Liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) is efficient for carotenoid identification through the use of transitions for the detection of analytes through precursor and daughter ions. This approach is suitable for the identification of carotenoids with the same molecular mass but different fragmentation patterns. Here we review critically the latest improvements for carotenoid resolution and detection and we discuss a number of analytical techniques for qualitative and quantitative analysis of carotenoids.
Recently, deuterium-labeled drugs, such as deutetrabenazine, have attracted considerable attention. Consequently, understanding the reaction mechanisms of deuterium-labeled drugs is crucial, both ...fundamentally and for real applications. To understand the mechanisms of H- and D-transfer reactions, in this study, we used deuterated anisole as a deutetrabenazine model and computationally considered the nuclear quantum effects of protons, deuterons, and electrons. We demonstrated that geometrical differences exist in the partially and fully deuterated methoxy groups and hydrogen-bonded structures of intermediates and transition states due to the H/D isotope effect. The observed geometrical features and electronic structures are ascribable to the different nuclear quantum effects of protons and deuterons. Primary and secondary kinetic isotope effects (KIEs) were calculated for H- and D-transfer reactions from deuterated and undeuterated anisole, with the calculated primary KIEs in good agreement with the corresponding experimental data. These results reveal that the nuclear quantum effects of protons and deuterons need to be considered when analyzing the reaction mechanisms of H- and D-transfer reactions and that a theoretical approach that directly includes nuclear quantum effects is a powerful tool for the analysis of H/D isotope effects in H- and D-transfer reactions.
Human malignant mesothelioma is an aggressive and highly lethal cancer that is believed to be caused by chronic exposure to asbestos and erionite. Prognosis for this cancer is generally poor because ...of late-stage diagnosis and resistance to current conventional therapies. The damage-associated molecular pattern protein HMGB1 has been implicated previously in transformation of mesothelial cells. Here we show that HMGB1 establishes an autocrine circuit in malignant mesothelioma cells that influences their proliferation and survival. Malignant mesothelioma cells strongly expressed HMGB1 and secreted it at high levels in vitro. Accordingly, HMGB1 levels in malignant mesothelioma patient sera were higher than that found in healthy individuals. The motility, survival, and anchorage-independent growth of HMGB1-secreting malignant mesothelioma cells was inhibited in vitro by treatment with monoclonal antibodies directed against HMGB1 or against the receptor for advanced glycation end products, a putative HMGB1 receptor. HMGB1 inhibition in vivo reduced the growth of malignant mesothelioma xenografts in severe-combined immunodeficient mice and extended host survival. Taken together, our findings indicate that malignant mesothelioma cells rely on HMGB1, and they offer a preclinical proof-of-principle that antibody-mediated ablation of HMBG1 is sufficient to elicit therapeutic activity, suggesting a novel therapeutic approach for malignant mesothelioma treatment.
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The phase stability of real-system bimetallic Pt3Co, Pt3Ni, and Pt3Cu nanoparticles is investigated by means of density functional theory method and massively parallel computing to ...understand the Pt3M nanoparticles’ physicochemical properties. The bimetallic nanoparticles with 1-skin Pt layer are more stable than the solid solution and 2-skin Pt layer configurations due to the larger magnitude of the excess energy. For bimetallic nanoparticles with Pt skin layers, the atomic charge and d-band centers of the surface Pt atoms are linearly related to their stability. On the other hand, the stability of the bimetallic nanoparticles with solid solution configurations is linearly related to the surface Pt atoms’ d-band centers and strain. From the multiple regression analysis, the combination of the surface Pt atoms’ charge and strain, and charge and d-band centers can be used to estimate the stability of the bimetallic nanoparticles with Pt skin layers and solid solutions configurations, respectively, while including the size effect. Our results give a clue for tuning the surface properties, stability, and activity by altering the configuration and alloying elements in the bimetallic nanoparticles.
The adsorption states of N
and H
on MgO-supported Ru nanoparticles under conditions close to those of ammonia synthesis (AS; 1 atm, 250 °C) were uncovered by modulation-excitation infrared ...spectroscopy and density functional theory calculations using a nanoscale Ru particle model. The two most intense N
adsorption peaks corresponded to the vertical chemisorption of N
on the nanoparticle's top and bridge sites, while the remaining peaks were assigned to horizontally adsorbed N
in view of the site heterogeneity of Ru nanoparticles. Long-term observations showed that vertically adsorbed N
molecules gradually migrated from the top sites to the bridge sites. Compared to those adsorbed vertically, N
molecules adsorbed horizontally exhibited a lower dipole moment, an increased N─N bond distance, and a decreased N─N bond order (i.e., were activated), which was ascribed to enhanced Ru-to-N charge transfer. H
molecules were preferentially adsorbed horizontally on top sites and then rapidly dissociated to afford strongly surface-bound H atoms and thus block the active sites of Ru nanoparticles. Our results clarify the controversial adsorption/desorption behavior of N
and H
on AS catalysts and facilitate their further development.
Abstract
We demonstrate thermo-electrochemical (TEC) conversion using a biocompatible redox couple of lactic acid and pyruvic acid on earth-abundant TiO
2
. The TEC cell exhibited a positive Seebeck ...coefficient of 1.40 mV K
−1
. DFT calculations figured out that the adsorption of intermediate species and protons on TiO
2
controls both the redox reaction and current polarity.
•Factors cagA/cagE, of H. pylori, are associated with the severity of gastric disease.•Superficial gastritis is correlated with less virulent strains of H. pylori.•Atrophic gastritis and metaplasia ...are correlated with virulent strains of H. pylori.•Contribution of cagA/cagE genotypes to the development of gastric cancer is not clear.
The aim of this work was associate the presence of the virulence factors of Helicobacter pylori, cagA/cagE, with gastric illness. We found evidence that indicate the contribution of these genotypes with the severity of gastric lesions in patients infected, principally in histological subtypes as atrophic gastritis, and metaplasia.
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