Brazilian coffee production relies on the cultivation of Coffea arabica and Coffea canephora. Climate change has been responsible for the decreasing yield of the crops in the country yet the ...associated microbial community can mitigate these effects by improving plant growth and defense. Although some studies have tried to describe the microorganisms associated with these Coffea species, a study that compares the microbiome on a wider spatial scale is needed for a better understanding of the terroir of each coffee planting region. Therefore, our aim was to evaluate the microbial communities harbored in soils and fruits of these Coffea species in four Brazilian floristic domains (Amazon, Atlantic Forest Caatinga, and Cerrado). One hundred and eight samples (90 of soil and 90 of fruits) were used in the extraction and sequencing of the fungal and bacterial DNA. We detected more than 1000 and 500 bacterial and fungal genera, respectively. Some soil microbial taxa were more closely related to one coffee species than the other species. Bacillus bataviensis tends to occur more in arid soils from the Caatinga, while the fungus Saitozyma sp. was more related to soils cultivated with C. arabica. Thus, the species and the planting region (floristic domain) of coffee affect the microbial composition associated with this crop. This study is the first to report microbial communities associated with coffee produced in four floristic domains that include sites in eight Brazilian states. Data generated by DNA sequencing provides new insights into microbial roles and their potential for the developing more sustainable coffee management, such as the production of biofertilizers and starter culture for fermentation of coffee cherries.
Weather phenomena El Niño and La Niña are observed by meteorological variables, which allows you to track climate change and its possible effects in certain regions. The objective of this study was ...to analyze the behavior of rainfall, temperature and evapotranspiration in the Amazon river basin (Latitudes 5° N to 20° S and Longitudes 50° W to 80° W), comparing them with the occurrence of El Niño and La Niña phenomena, from January 2000 to December 2016. The values referring to the meteorological variables were obtained from the TRMM and MODIS orbital sensors. After data pre-processing, the data were separated into monthly and annual scales and per period according to the presence or absence of El Niño and La Niña phenomena. Based on the results obtained, it was observed that the studied variables were affected by modification of both phenomena. The modifications are more noticeable in the distinction between the more and less rainy periods. Among the variables studied, the evapotranspiration was severely affected in the rainiest months, the La Niña phenomenon, and the least rainy months, El Niño. Thus, it was possible to conclude that, in general, the presence of La Niña increased precipitation values in comparison to the Neutral period, but the inverse occurs in the presence of El Niño. The methodology applied in the present study was adequate for the analysis of the modifications of the meteorological variables coming from the El Niño and La Niña phenomena, being able to be adapted to other variables and regions.
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•Changes in precipitation, evapotranspiration and temperature of the Amazon basin were observed.•Climatic variables were compared in the periods of El Niño, La Niña and Neutral phenomena.•The variables precipitation, temperature and evapotranspiration were reduced or increased as a result of La Niña or El Niño.•The methodology can be adapted to other variables and areas different.
Although forest fires are indispensable for some ecosystems, they can have profound economic, environmental, and social implications, especially when they reach high intensities. There are two ...crucial factors in fighting forest fires: the availability of water resources and the service network. The objective of this study was to propose an alternative methodology for allocating water reservoirs to fight forest fires. The research was divided into three stages: zoning of fire risk, delimitation of viable areas for the implementation of water reservoirs, and determining strategic locations for reservoir allocation. The variables analyzed were land use and occupation, provision of watercourses, relief orientation, slope, proximity to roads, temperature, and precipitation. Fuzzy logic, Euclidean distance, and network analysis were used as the modeling techniques. Scenarios with all risk classes and only the high- and very high-risk classes were analyzed. A total of 66% of the area was represented by the low- and moderate-risk fire classes and 53.16% had a low potential for reservoir allocation, influenced by the low availability of water resources in the area. The proposed model efficiently allocated the water collection points in the different scenarios, and allowed the determination of the areas most susceptible to the occurrence of forest fires and the optimal locations for the installation of reservoirs, with the allocation of 21 water reservoirs to attend the areas of high- and very high-risk of occurrence of fires at a safe speed (40 km h−1) and 47 reservoirs to meet all risk classes at the same speed. The proposed methodology is feasible, applicable, and adjustable and can be implemented in other conservation units and areas of economic interest.
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•We use Artificial Intelligence to strategic allocation for due to wildfire risk.•Indicates the risk of wildfires and where to allocate water reservoirs to firefight.•16 scenarios were created to meet all the financial and environmental limitations.•The number of service points and the travel speed influences the reservoirs number.•The proposed methodology is feasible, applicable and adjustable to any other area.
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•Geographic and genetic factors were used to evaluate the terroir of C. canephora.•The terroir influences the chemical composition of C. canephora.•Lipids and caffeine were the ...markers that separated the terroirs by PCA.•DD-SIMCA provided the genetic predominance of distinct groups of C. canephora.•PLS-DA model obtained an accuracy of 94.3% for the prediction set.
FTIR spectroscopy and multivariate analysis were used in the chemical study of the terroirs of Coffea canephora. Conilon coffees from Espírito Santo and Amazon robusta from Matas of Rondônia, were separated by PCA, with lipids and caffeine being the markers responsible for the separation. Coffees from Bahia, Minas Gerais, and São Paulo did not exhibit separation, indicating that the botanical variety had a greater effect on the terroir than geographic origin. Thus, the genetic factor was investigated considering the conilon and robusta botanical varieties. This last group was composed of hybrid robusta and apoatã. The DD-SIMCA favored the identification of the genetic predominance of the samples. PLS-DA had a high classification performance regarding the conilon, hybrid robusta, and apoatã genetic nature. Lipids, caffeine, chlorogenic acids, quinic acid, trigonelline, proteins, amino acids, and carbohydrates were identified as chemical markers that discriminated the genetic groups.
Ripening cycles of the coffee are important for planning the harvest and post-harvest processing of the fruit and influence the sensory quality of the coffee beverage. In the
Coffea arabica
, the ...number of these annual cycles depends on the edaphoclimatic conditions, soil microbiota, altitude, and genotype. In this study, we present in an unprecedented way how the microbial communities (bacteria and fungi) of the soil and fruits of the coffee tree and the quality of chemical and sensory of coffee fruits can change depending on the harvest season. We also evaluated whether there is a relationship between changes in microbial communities (soil and fruits) and chemical and sensory panels of the coffee in two seasons. Cherry coffee fruits sampling and soil were carried out in September and November which have different edaphoclimatic conditions. Profiles of the microbial community and chemical and sensory panels of the samples were performed using the DGGE technique, Mid-infrared spectroscopy, and Specialty Coffee Association protocols. Microbial communities (soils and fruits) profile was different between distinct sampling periods. Composition of the coffee varies with the harvest since the coffees harvested in September have higher concentrations of caffeine and chlorogenic acids and lower concentrations of proteins and lipids compared to the samples collected later. A correlation between infrared spectrum and microbial community was observed in the second harvest period which had a final sensory score higher than another harvest. These results show that edaphoclimatic factors and microbial communities can be associated with the final quality of the beverage.
Coffee is one of the most widely consumed beverages in the world. The genetic variability of
Coffea canephora
has demonstrated significant differences in the chemical compositions of genotypes, ...resulting in different sensory profiles in the beverage. Fermentation can also affect the sensory quality of coffee beverage. Therefore, the objective of this study was to analyze the sensory profile and the chemical groups that contribute to the sensory qualities of the coffee beverage of
C. canephora
var. Conilon genotypes subjected to different fermentation processes. Fermentations were carried out with 4 L of cherry coffee or peeled cherry coffee for 36 h at 25 ℃. In the induced fermentation, the initial Colony Forming Unit (CFU/mL) was of 10
7
for S
accharomyces cerevisiae
,
Klebsiella
sp, and
Lactobacillus brevis
. There was no microbial inoculation in the washed fermentation and the natural process. The sensory quality and chemical groups of the coffee were determined using the Uganda Coffee Development Authority Sensory Analysis Protocol with 6 Q-Graders and mid-infrared spectroscopy, respectively. The sensory and spectrometry analyses were able to distinguish the genotypes, highlighting the separations of genotypes A1 and Verdim with the worst sensory results, and genotype 153 with the best result. Groups formation through the mean Euclidean distance reinforces the sensory differences between fermentations. Furthermore, the greatest chemical changes in coffee beans were promoted by fermentation induced by
S. cerevisiae
. Thus, the genotypes and the type of fermentation influence in the sensory quality demonstrating potential for optimizing fermentations to improve the sensory quality of conilon coffee.
Ecological sustainability, productivity, and sensory quality of coffee fruits are important variables for coffee cultivation in agroforestry systems (AFSs). There is an appreciation of the ecological ...interactions between agricultural crops and native plants in the AFS.
Coffea arabica
L. is a shrub with geographic origins in the tropical forests of Africa. Thus, the production of coffee in AFSs can be an interesting alternative. In this study, we present the sensory and chemical profile of coffee grown in three AFSs in the Maciço do Baturité region, Ceará, Brazil and submitted to five types of post-harvest processing. This region has been producing arabica coffee for more than 200 years under forest conditions similar to the ecological characteristics of the geographical center of coffee with shadows produced by native plant species. The coffee fruits were obtained from an AFS with coffee cultivated in the natural/wild system, an AFS in conversion to syntropic, and a conventional AFS. The syntropic AFS and the natural/wild AFS had the highest sensory scores. With the exception of conven
t
ional AFS, spontaneous fermentations in covered terrain had higher total scores than fermentations carried out in sealed polyethylene containers. In the sensory panel, the body attribute contributed to the sensory discrimination of fermentation processes by wet and dry methods. Lipids, caffeine, carboxylic acids, and chlorogenic acids were responsible for the chemical differentiation of AFSs Therefore, AFSs and fermentation processes influence the chemical and sensory quality of coffee beans.
Utilizing path analysis, we examined the interconnectedness among six meteorological variables. Among these, three pertain to energy conditions—air temperature, net solar radiation, and reference ...evapotranspiration (ET0)—while the others are associated with hydrological conditions: precipitation, relative humidity, and water deficiency. These variables were assessed across five distinct temporal delay levels to understand their influences on the normalized difference vegetation Index (NDVI) and enhanced vegetation index (EVI) within grassland areas situated in the state of Espírito Santo, southeastern Brazil. The images underwent processing using analytical algorithms and a geographic information system (GIS). The direct and indirect impacts of these variables on the NDVI and EVI exhibited remarkable similarity across varying temporal delays and geographic regions. Meteorological variables explained over 50% of the observed variation in both indices, occasionally even reaching levels of 70%. Temperature and relative humidity primarily exerted direct effects on the indices. Conversely, precipitation exhibited indirect effects on the indices, often in conjunction with other hydrological variables. ET0 demonstrated a direct effect on the vegetation indices, particularly after a delay of 32 days. Solar radiation and water deficiency displayed direct effects up to the 32-day mark, implying that vegetation responds more promptly to these variables. The proposed methodology enabled a consistent and stable assessment of the direct and indirect effects of meteorological variables on vegetation indices.
The process of sensory evaluation is widely used in the coffee classification worldwide. This evaluation is popularly known as “Cupping Test” and constitutes the principal methodology to assess the ...final quality of the coffee drink. This study observed the effect of the interaction among Q-graders, as well as the coffee tasting process in the morning and in the afternoon. The study was conducted with trained tasters with Q-Grader certificates. The methodology followed the analysis protocol guidelines of the Specialty Coffee Association of America, SCAA, with the participation of two testing groups, each one with two Q-graders for the analysis.
T
Tests, followed by the Pearson’s correlation and the analysis of hierarchical grouping were used for the data analysis. The results indicate that the tasters have full capacity of evaluation, although there are variances in relation to the perceptions of the attributes that define the best coffees. The results also indicate that the effect of the shift, when isolated from interaction, interfere neither in the evaluation of the batches, nor the performance of the tasters; however, when associated with interaction (chatting), the analysis indicate distortions, highlighting the need of improving the techniques of sensory evaluation.
Finding suitable areas for the establishment of commercial forest plantations is a crucial step towards the technical and financial viability of forestry enterprises. Thus, this study aimed to ...propose an alternative methodology to define areas with greater potential for the establishment of commercial forest plantations through the application of fuzzy logic. Edaphoclimatic zoning of the main forest genetic materials used in the state, land use classes, road networks, terrain slopes, and environmental regulation of rural properties was included in the modeling. In addition, a network analysis was applied to delimit the optimal transport radius. The results referring to the optimal areas for forest planting, according to the model, obtained an average of 80.39% assertiveness in the validation test in relation to areas already consolidated with forest plantations in the study area, demonstrating the potential of fuzzy logic to find areas favorable for future plantations, with low cost involved in prospecting areas. Therefore, it is concluded that the proposed methodology has high accuracy and low processing cost and can be used to improve planning. Its application can be expanded to other Brazilian regions as well as other countries.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
BF, DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
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