The isoprostanes—25 years later Milne, Ginger L.; Dai, Qi; Roberts, L. Jackson
Biochimica et biophysica acta,
04/2015, Letnik:
1851, Številka:
4
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Isoprostanes (IsoPs) are prostaglandin-like molecules generated independent of the cyclooxygenase (COX) by the free radical-induced peroxidation of arachidonic acid. The first isoprostane species ...discovered were isomeric to prostaglandin F2α and were thus termed F2-IsoPs. Since the initial discovery of the F2-IsoPs, IsoPs with differing ring structures have been identified as well as IsoPs from different polyunsaturated fatty acids, including eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexanenoic acid. The discovery of these molecules in vivo in humans has been a major contribution to the field of lipid oxidation and free radical research over the course of the past 25 years. These molecules have been determined to be both biomarkers and mediators of oxidative stress in numerous disease settings. This review focuses on recent developments in the field with an emphasis on clinical research. Special focus is given to the use of IsoPs as biomarkers in obesity, ischemia-reperfusion injury, the central nervous system, cancer, and genetic disorders. Additionally, attention is paid to diet and lifestyle factors that can affect endogenous levels of IsoPs. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled “Oxygenated metabolism of PUFA: analysis and biological relevance.”
•Isoprostanes (IsoPs) are formed from the free radical oxidation of arachidonic acid.•IsoPs are biomarkers of oxidative stress in human disease.•When quantifying IsoPs it is important to consider their formation and metabolism.•IsoPs are biologically active and can mediate the pathophysiology of disease.
To identify sources of race/ethnic differences related to post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), we compared trauma exposure, risk for PTSD among those exposed to trauma, and treatment-seeking among ...Whites, Blacks, Hispanics and Asians in the US general population.
Data from structured diagnostic interviews with 34 653 adult respondents to the 2004-2005 wave of the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC) were analysed.
The lifetime prevalence of PTSD was highest among Blacks (8.7%), intermediate among Hispanics and Whites (7.0% and 7.4%) and lowest among Asians (4.0%). Differences in risk for trauma varied by type of event. Whites were more likely than the other groups to have any trauma, to learn of a trauma to someone close, and to learn of an unexpected death, but Blacks and Hispanics had higher risk of child maltreatment, chiefly witnessing domestic violence, and Asians, Black men, and Hispanic women had higher risk of war-related events than Whites. Among those exposed to trauma, PTSD risk was slightly higher among Blacks adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 1.22 and lower among Asians (aOR 0.67) compared with Whites, after adjustment for characteristics of trauma exposure. All minority groups were less likely to seek treatment for PTSD than Whites (aOR range: 0.39-0.61), and fewer than half of minorities with PTSD sought treatment (range: 32.7-42.0%).
When PTSD affects US race/ethnic minorities, it is usually untreated. Large disparities in treatment indicate a need for investment in accessible and culturally sensitive treatment options.
Vascular oxidative injury accompanies many common conditions associated with hypertension. In the present study, we employed mouse models with excessive vascular production of ROS (tg(sm/p22phox) ...mice, which overexpress the NADPH oxidase subunit p22(phox) in smooth muscle, and mice with vascular-specific deletion of extracellular SOD) and have shown that these animals develop vascular collagen deposition, aortic stiffening, renal dysfunction, and hypertension with age. T cells from tg(sm/p22phox) mice produced high levels of IL-17A and IFN-γ. Crossing tg(sm/p22phox) mice with lymphocyte-deficient Rag1(-/-) mice eliminated vascular inflammation, aortic stiffening, renal dysfunction, and hypertension; however, adoptive transfer of T cells restored these processes. Isoketal-protein adducts, which are immunogenic, were increased in aortas, DCs, and macrophages of tg(sm/p22phox) mice. Autologous pulsing with tg(sm/p22phox) aortic homogenates promoted DCs of tg(sm/p22phox) mice to stimulate T cell proliferation and production of IFN-γ, IL-17A, and TNF-α. Treatment with the superoxide scavenger tempol or the isoketal scavenger 2-hydroxybenzylamine (2-HOBA) normalized blood pressure; prevented vascular inflammation, aortic stiffening, and hypertension; and prevented DC and T cell activation. Moreover, in human aortas, the aortic content of isoketal adducts correlated with fibrosis and inflammation severity. Together, these results define a pathway linking vascular oxidant stress to immune activation and aortic stiffening and provide insight into the systemic inflammation encountered in common vascular diseases.
Nanocomposites of poly(methyl methacrylate)/reduced graphene oxide (PMMA/rGO) without and with decorated magnetite nanoparticles with a segregated structure were prepared using emulsifier-free ...emulsion polymerization. Various characterization techniques were employed to validate the presence of the nanofillers and the formation of the segregated structure within the nanocomposites. The percolation threshold of the nanocomposites was found to be 0.3 vol %, while a maximum electrical conductivity of 91.2 S·m–1 and electromagnetic interference shielding effectiveness (EMI SE) of 63.2 dB (2.9 mm thickness) were achieved for the PMMA/rGO nanocomposites at a loading of 2.6 vol % rGO. It was also observed that decorating rGO with magnetite nanoparticles (hybrid nanocomposites) led to a tremendous increase in EMI SE. For instance, 1.1 vol % PMMA/rGO nanocomposites indicated an EMI SE of 20.7 dB, while adding 0.5 vol % magnetite nanoparticles enhanced EMI SE to 29.3 dB. The excellent electrical properties obtained for these nanocomposites were ascribed to both superiorities of the segregated conductive structure and magnetic properties of the magnetite nanoparticles.
The purpose of this position paper is to present a critical analysis of the challenges and limitations of the most widely used fluorescent probes for detecting and measuring reactive oxygen and ...nitrogen species. Where feasible, we have made recommendations for the use of alternate probes and appropriate analytical techniques that measure the specific products formed from the reactions between fluorescent probes and reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. We have proposed guidelines that will help present and future researchers with regard to the optimal use of selected fluorescent probes and interpretation of results.
Organizations now look beyond their boundaries to locate NPD resources among suppliers, lead users, customers, and consumers. Consumer involvement in an innovation process implies considerable ...changes in traditional innovation practice and management. Consumers become partners in co‐creation, a form of open innovation, and not mere objects of study. However, what is little known is how managers can innovate to enable co‐creation. This paper presents an in‐depth, single case study of a global confectionery brand and its multinational owner. We discuss the co‐creation process undertaken to innovate both the product and the innovation process itself. We propose a process for new product development and discuss changes implicit with its adoption.
Coronary heart disease (CHD) is the leading single cause of death in the United States and most Western countries, killing more than 400,000 Americans per year. Although CHD often manifests suddenly ...as a fatal myocardial infarction, the atherosclerosis that gives rise to the infarction develops gradually and can be markedly slowed or even reversed through pharmacological and lifestyle interventions. These same atherosclerotic processes also drive related vascular diseases such as stroke and peripheral artery disease, and individuals surviving occlusive events often develop additional complications including ischemic cardiomyopathy and heart failure. Therefore, better detection of subclinical atherosclerosis, along with more effective treatments, could significantly reduce the rate of death from CHD and related vascular diseases in the United States. In recent years, oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in plasma lipoproteins has been postulated to be a critical step in the development of atherosclerosis. If so, then monitoring lipid peroxidation should be a useful indicator of disease risk and progression. This review focuses on the evidence that specific PUFA peroxidation products, the F2-isoprostanes, are useful biomarkers that could potentially be utilized as indicators of CHD.
A new code for following the evolution and emissions of proto-neutron stars during the first minute of their lives is developed and tested. The code is one dimensional, fully implicit, and general ...relativistic. Multi-group, multi-flavor neutrino transport is incorporated that makes use of variable Eddington factors obtained from a formal solution of the static general relativistic Boltzmann equation with linearized scattering terms. The timescales of neutrino emission and spectral evolution obtained using the new code are broadly consistent with previous results. Unlike other recent calculations, however, the new code predicts that the neutrino-driven wind will be characterized, at least for part of its existence, by a neutron excess. This change, potentially consequential for nucleosynthesis in the wind, is due to an improved treatment of the charged current interactions of electron-flavored neutrinos and anti-neutrinos with nucleons. A comparison is also made between the results obtained using either variable Eddington factors or simple equilibrium flux-limited diffusion. The latter approximation, which has been frequently used in previous studies of proto-neutron star cooling, accurately describes the total neutrino luminosities (to within 10%) for most of the evolution, until the proto-neutron star becomes optically thin.
Most concrete produced today includes either chemical additions to the cement, chemical admixtures in the concrete, or both. These chemicals alter a number of properties of cementitious systems, ...including hydration behavior, and it has been long understood by practitioners that these systems can differ widely in response to such chemicals.
In this paper the impact on hydration of several classes of chemicals is reviewed with an emphasis on the current understanding of interactions with cement chemistry. These include setting retarders, accelerators, and water reducing dispersants. The ability of the chemicals to alter the aluminate–sulfate balance of cementitious systems is discussed with a focus on the impact on silicate hydration. As a key example of this complex interaction, unusual behavior sometimes observed in systems containing high calcium fly ash is highlighted.
PDF
