To assess the likely impact on HIV incidence of increased condom use, a reduction in casual sexual partners, treatment programmes for other sexually transmitted diseases (STD) and combinations of ...these in rural Uganda.
A simulation model for the transmission dynamics of HIV infection and STD was employed, drawing on data from a rural population cohort in South-West Uganda with an HIV prevalence of 9% among adults in 1990.
For the scenario most consistent with data from the study population, 39% of all adult HIV infections were averted, in the 10 years from 1990, when condoms were used consistently and effectively by 50% of men in their contacts with one-off sexual partners (such as bar girls and commercial sex workers). Reducing by 50% the frequency of men's sexual contacts with one-off partners averted 68% of infections. Reducing by 50% the duration of all STD episodes averted 43% of infections. Combining these three interventions averted 82% of all adult infections in the 10 years from 1990.
A substantial proportion of HIV infections may be averted in general populations through interventions targeted only on less regular sexual partnerships.
In the past two centuries, cowbirds have increased in numbers and extended their range across North America, while many of the native songbird species whose nests they parasitize to raise their young ...have declined. This timely book collects forty essays by most of the principal authorities on the biology and management of cowbirds. The book's goals are to explore the biology of cowbirds, the threats they pose to host species and populations, and the management programs that are being undertaken to minimize these threats. The book is organized into five sections, each with an extended editors' introduction that places the contributions in a broad, up-to-date setting. The sections cover: The changing abundance of cowbirds and the ways in which their numbers can be estimated.Host choice by cowbirds, the negative effects of cowbirds on particular host species, and the daily patterns of cowbird behavior.Behavioral interactions between cowbirds and specific host species.Patterns of cowbird abundance and host use across varying landscapes.Management programs designed to control cowbirds and protect threatened songbirds.
Information on age- and gender-specific prevalence of herpes simplex virus (HSV) types 1 and 2 infections is crucial to guide
genital herpes control strategies. Such data are not available from the ...newly independent Eastern European countries. We
present of study of the age- and gender-specific prevalence of HSV-1 and HSV-2 in low risk populations in Estonia. Serum
samples from 1016 children, 794 first trimester antenatal women, and 1036 blood donors (462M, 574F) were tested for HSV IgG
antibodies by type-specific HSV-1 and HSV-2 assays. High seroprevalence rates of HSV-1 among children, pregnant women and
(non-paid) blood donors were found. HSV-2 infection was not detected among boys. Gender differences in HSV-2 seroprevalence
rates among people of reproductive age were observed: higher rates were recorded among pregnant women (23%) and female
blood donors (21%), compared to 11% among male blood donors. HSV-1 seroprevalence was high in adults. HSV-2
seroprevalence was higher among females than males and increased substantially with age. HSV-2 prevalence in these non-high
risk populations was relatively high, and may indicate a risk for an impending sexually- and STI- driven HIV epidemic.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IJS, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
The 33 kd protein of the photosynthetic oxygen‐evolving complex is synthesized in the cytoplasm as a larger precursor and transported into the thylakoid lumen via a stromal intermediate form. In this ...report we describe a reconstituted system in which the later stages of this import pathway can be studied in isolation. We demonstrate import of the 33 kd protein, probably as the intermediate form, into isolated pea thylakoids by a mechanism which is stimulated by the addition of ATP. The imported protein is processed to the mature size and is resistant to digestion by proteases. The thylakoidal protein transport system is specific in that non‐chloroplast proteins and precursors of stromal proteins are not imported.
We present a route for direct growth of boron nitride via a polyborazylene to h-BN conversion process. This two-step growth process ultimately leads to a >25x reduction in the RMS surface roughness ...of h-BN films when compared to a high temperature growth on Al2O3(0001) and Si(111) substrates. Additionally, the stoichiometry is shown to be highly dependent on the initial polyborazylene deposition temperature. Importantly, CVD graphene transferred to direct-grown boron nitride films on Al2O3 at 400{\deg}C results in a >1.5x and >2.5x improvement in mobility compared to CVD graphene transferred to Al2O3 and SiO2 substrates, respectively, which is attributed to the combined reduction of remote charged impurity scattering and surface roughness scattering. Simulation of mobility versus carrier concentration confirms the importance of limiting the introduction of charged impurities in the h-BN film and highlights the importance of these results in producing optimized h-BN substrates for high performance graphene and TMD devices.
A chimaeric gene was constructed which encodes the pre-sequence of the 33 kDa protein of the oxygen-evolving complex, a thylakoid lumen protein, linked to dihydrofolate reductase, a cytoplasmic ...protein. The encoded fusion protein is transported into the thylakoid lumen of isolated pea chloroplasts, with concomitant removal of the pre-sequence.
Tunneling as a technique for augmentation of an atrophic maxilla has been described in the literature. The use of this technique has presented several prosthodontic problems, such as diffusion of ...material into adjacent tissues, incorrect positioning of the material on the ridge, and inadequate ridge height. Use of the transpositional flap technique described by Lew and modified by Williams has been used to overcome these problems. Twenty-five patients were treated with this method during a 30-month period. The patients had worn a maxillary complete denture for at least 5 years and had opposing natural mandibular anterior teeth with unsupported posterior occlusion. Use of the transpositional flap technique was shown to overcome the common prosthodontic problems seen with the tunneling procedure for anterior maxilla augmentation with hydroxyapatite.
The Human Equation in Species Extinction Stone, Benjamin C.; Thomerson, Jamie E.; Raven, Peter H. ...
Bioscience,
09/1986, Letnik:
36, Številka:
8
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
BFBNIB, DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NMLJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
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