Animal Virus Research Institute, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, U.K.
A comparison has been made of the RNAs of the seven serotypes of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) by competition hybridization. ...Homology among the three European serotypes A, O, C and the Asia 1 serotype was 60 to 70%. Similar homologies were found among the three Southern African Territories serotypes (SAT 1, SAT 2, SAT 3), but homology between the two groups was much lower (25 to 40%). Homology between the RNAs of subtypes within serotypes A and O was greater than 70%. Double competition experiments with the European serotypes indicate sharing of nucleotide sequences.
Received 3 June 1977;
accepted 4 July 1977.
Animal Virus Research Institute, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, U.K.
The biochemical basis for variation in foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) has been explored by analysis of the virus RNA and the ...virus-induced and structural proteins of three isolates of the virus. Two of the isolates were from serotype A and the third was from serotype O. Hybridization studies of the RNAs showed greater than 80% homology between the two type A viruses and about 65% homology between the two type A viruses and the virus of type O. The ribonuclease T 1 maps of the three viruses gave distinct patterns typical of FMDV, but did not show that any two of the three viruses were more closely related. The virus-induced primary translation products, P88, P52 and P100 isolated from infected cells, were compared by tryptic peptide analysis. Combinations of 3 H- and 14 C-leucine-labelled polypeptides were hydrolysed with trypsin and resolved on an ion-exchange column. Much greater differences were found in P88 than in P52 or P100, indicating that the major variation occurs in the region of the genome coding for the structural proteins. Similar analysis of combinations of the structural proteins of the three viruses showed that there were differences in VP1, VP2 and VP3 and these results were supported by those obtained by PAGE analysis of the Staphylococcus aureus V8 protease cleavage products.
* On leave of absence from the Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia.
Received 22 June 1979;
accepted 28 August 1979.
The gene for hemochromatosis was identified in 1996 and two mutations were found. Homozygosity for one of these, C282Y, is associated with hemochromatosis in a high percentage of patients. Genetic ...analysis of patient DNA is, therefore, a very useful tool to aid and confirm diagnosis and to screen asymptomatic relatives of patients to identify those at risk of developing this common, easily treated disease.
Background: BRCA1 and, more commonly, BRCA2 mutations are associated with increased risk of male breast cancer (MBC). However, only a paucity of data exists on the pathology of breast cancers (BCs) ...in men with BRCA1/2 mutations. Using the largest available dataset, we determined whether MBCs arising in BRCA1/2 mutation carriers display specific pathologic features and whether these features differ from those of BRCA1/2 female BCs (FBCs). Methods: We characterised the pathologic features of 419 BRCA1/2 MBCs and, using logistic regression analysis, contrasted those with data from 9675 BRCA1/2 FBCs and with population-based data from 6351 MBCs in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database. Results: Among BRCA2 MBCs, grade significantly decreased with increasing age at diagnosis (P = 0.005). Compared with BRCA2 FBCs, BRCA2 MBCs were of significantly higher stage (P for trend = 2 x 10(-5)) and higher grade (P for trend = 0.005) and were more likely to be oestrogen receptor-positive odds ratio (OR) 10.59;95 % confidence interval (CI) 5.15-21.80 and progesterone receptor-positive (OR 5.04;95 % CI 3.17-8.04). With the exception of grade, similar patterns of associations emerged when we compared BRCA1 MBCs and FBCs. BRCA2 MBCs also presented with higher grade than MBCs from the SEER database (P for trend = 4 x 10(-12)). Conclusions: On the basis of the largest series analysed to date, our results show that BRCA1/2 MBCs display distinct pathologic characteristics compared with BRCA1/2 FBCs, and we identified a specific BRCA2-associated MBC phenotype characterised by a variable suggesting greater biological aggressiveness (i.e., high histologic grade). These findings could lead to the development of gender-specific risk prediction models and guide clinical strategies appropriate for MBC management.
The objective is to determine if glutamine supplementation prior to exercise would cause an increase in serum glutamine concentration, as opposed to supplementation during exercise or in the ...post-exercise period. The subjects were fourteen female athletes of the local athletic club who volunteered to participate in the study.
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