Abstract
Objective
We compared the effects of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) on insulin sensitivity and other important metabolic ...adaptations in adults with obesity.
Methods
Thirty-one inactive adults with obesity (age: 31 ± 6 years; body mass index: 33 ± 3 kg/m2) completed 12 weeks (4 sessions/week) of either HIIT (10 × 1-minute at 90%HRmax, 1-minute active recovery; n = 16) or MICT (45 minutes at 70%HRmax; n = 15). To assess the direct effects of exercise independent of weight/fat loss, participants were required to maintain body mass.
Results
Training increased peak oxygen uptake by ~10% in both HIIT and MICT (P < 0.0001), and body weight/fat mass were unchanged. Peripheral insulin sensitivity (hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp) was ~20% greater the day after the final exercise session compared to pretraining (P < 0.01), with no difference between HIIT and MICT. When trained participants abstained from exercise for 4 days, insulin sensitivity returned to pretraining levels in both groups. HIIT and MICT also induced similar increases in abundance of many skeletal muscle proteins involved in mitochondrial respiration and lipid and carbohydrate metabolism. Training-induced alterations in muscle lipid profile were also similar between groups.
Conclusion
Despite large differences in training intensity and exercise time, 12 weeks of HIIT and MICT induce similar acute improvements in peripheral insulin sensitivity the day after exercise, and similar longer term metabolic adaptations in skeletal muscle in adults with obesity. These findings support the notion that the insulin-sensitizing effects of both HIIT and MICT are mediated by factors stemming from the most recent exercise session(s) rather than adaptations that accrue with training.
Sparse metallic crystals of iron, cobalt, and zinc are produced by electrodeposition on polyaniline (PANI) coated gold electrodes. The crystal habit is determined by the composition of the ...electrolyte. Thin hexagonal crystallites of cobalt or zinc can grow with the basal plane parallel to the substrate, but acetic acid strongly affects the growth of the cobalt deposits, as it changes the crystal habit from hexagonal to hemispherical. Iron is electrodeposited on PANI in the form of submicrometer cubes in the presence of acetic acid, while in its absence micrometer-size hemispheres are produced. The magnetization curves for Fe and Co are correlated with the observed textures. Sparse heterogeneously structured surfaces with ∼2 μm hemispherical metal grains of the three metals were then used as electrodes to investigate the magnetic field effect on the oxygen reduction reaction. For zinc, the effect of a 360 mT applied magnetic field was a slight increase (3%) in the maximum oxygen reduction current, which is attributed to magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) flows produced by the interaction of the external magnetic field and the current distribution near the surface of the grains via the Lorentz force. Significantly larger increases, ∼12% and ∼8% for iron and cobalt, respectively, are attributed to enhanced convection in the vicinity of the ferromagnetic grains due to the magnetic field gradient force.
•We segment travellers into attitudinal types based on travel and related attitudes.•We consider ICT, car sharing, electric cars and residential choices.•Six attitudinal segments that are comparable ...across Berlin and London emerge.•The segments differ in potential uptake of sustainable modes and mobility services.•Segment-specific interventions to promote sustainable travel are proposed.
So-called ‘soft’ policy instruments that respond to the psychological aspects of travel are regularly acknowledged as necessary complements to ‘hard’ infrastructure investments to effectively promote sustainable travel in cities. While studies investigating subjective orientations among travellers have proliferated, open questions remain including the role of recent technological advances, the expansion of alternative mobility services, locally specific mobility cultures and residential selection. This paper presents the methods, results and policy implications of a comparative study aiming to understand mobility attitudes and behaviours in the wider metropolitan regions of Berlin and London. We specifically considered information and communication technology (ICT), new types of mobility services such as car sharing, electric cars and residential preferences. In each region, we identified six comparable segments with distinct attitudinal profiles, socio-demographic properties and behavioural patterns. Geocoding of the home address of respondents further revealed varying contextual opportunities and constraints that are likely to influence travel attitudes. We find that there is significant potential for uptake of sustainable travel practices in both metropolitan regions, if policy interventions are designed and targeted in accordance with group-specific needs and preferences and respond to local conditions of mobility culture. We identify such interventions for each segment and region and conclude that comparative assessment of attitudinal, alongside geographical, characteristics of metropolitan travellers can provide better strategic input for realistic scenario-building and ex-ante assessment of sustainable transport policy.
To effectively use administrative claims for healthcare research, clinical events must be inferred from coding data according to validated algorithms. In October 2015, the United States transitioned ...from the International Classification of Diseases Ninth Revision (ICD-9) to the Tenth Revision (ICD-10). We describe our method to derive new ICD-10 codes for outcomes after vascular procedures from our prior, validated ICD-9 codes.
We began with validated ICD-9 coding lists known to represent outcomes after lower extremity revascularization, thoracic aortic endograft placement, abdominal aortic aneurysm reintervention, and carotid revascularization. We used the publicly available general equivalence mapping tools to derive corresponding ICD-10 codes for each of the ICD-9 codes in our current lists. The resulting lists were then manually reviewed by multiple authors to ensure clinical relevance for appropriate event detection. Clinically nonrelevant and duplicated codes were removed.
A total of 475 ICD-9 codes were translated to ICD-10 with a 98-fold increase (n = 46,630) in the total number of codes. Overall, we found that 77% of codes (n = 35,833) were either duplicated or not clinically relevant upon manual review. For example, for thoracic aortic endograft placement, 97 ICD-9 codes mapped to 14,661 ICD-10 codes in total. A total of 890 codes were removed as duplicates and 9035 codes were removed during manual clinical review. The resultant, reviewed list contained 4736 ICD-10 codes representing a 49-fold increase from the initial ICD-9 list. Findings were similar across the other procedures studied.
ICD-10 has expanded the number of codes necessary to describe outcomes after vascular procedures. More than 75% of the codes obtained using the general equivalence mapping database were either duplicated or not clinically relevant. Manual review of codes by researchers with clinical knowledge of the procedures is imperative.
Calcification is a major reason for the failure of bioprosthetic heart valves. Therefore, several attempts towards an accelerated
in vitro
model were undertaken in order to provide a cost- and ...time-saving method for the analysis of calcification processes. Due to the problem of superficial or spontaneous precipitation, which occurred in the fluids applied, we focused our study on the development of a near-physiological calcification fluid. The desired fluid should not precipitate spontaneously and should neither promote nor inhibit calcification. Eleven different fluid compositions were tested without contact to potentially calcifying materials. Crucial factors regarding the fluid properties were the ionic product, the ionic strength, and the degree of supersaturation concerning dicalciumphosphate-dihydrate, octacalciumphosphate, and hydroxyapatite. The fluids were kept in polyethylene bottles and exposed to a slight vibration within a durability tester at 37 °C. The precipitation propensity was monitored optically and colorimetrically. A structural analysis of the deposits was carried out by x-ray powder diffraction and IR-spectroscopy, which showed the development of the crystal phases that are relevant
in vivo
. Only two of the fluids did not precipitate. Resulting from the computations of the effective fluid contents, the saturation degree concerning dicalciumphosphate-dihydrate seems to be the key factor for spontaneous precipitation.
We study the demagnetization dynamics of the fully compensated half-metallic ferrimagnet Mn
Ru
Ga. While the two antiferromagnetically coupled sublattices are both composed of manganese, they exhibit ...different temperature dependencies due to their differing local environments. The sublattice magnetization dynamics triggered by femtosecond laser pulses are studied to reveal the roles played by the spin and intersublattice exchange. We find a two-step demagnetization process, similar to the well-established case of Gd(FeCo)
, where on a 5 ps timescale the two Mn-sublattices seems to have different demagnetization rates. The behaviour is analysed using a four-temperature model, assigning different temperatures to the two manganese spin baths. Even in this strongly exchange-coupled system, the two spin reservoirs have considerably different behaviour. The half-metallic nature and strong exchange coupling of Mn
Ru
Ga lead to spin angular momentum conservation at much shorter time scales than found for Gd(FeCo)
which suggests that low-power, sub-picosecond switching of the net moment of Mn
Ru
Ga is possible.
Table-top 50-W laser system for ultra-fast laser ablation LUTHER-DAVIES, B; KOLEV, V. Z; LEDERER, M. J ...
Applied physics. A, Materials science & processing,
09/2004, Letnik:
79, Številka:
4-6
Conference Proceeding, Journal Article
Recenzirano
We have built a mode-locked Nd:YVO4 laser with a very long resonator which produces an average power of 50 W in 13-ps pulses at 1064 nm and was designed for applications in micro-machining, the ...deposition of optical thin films, and the growth of nano-clusters in the laser-ablated plumes. By operating the laser at very low mode-locking repetition rates (1.5 MHz, 2.6 MHz, and 4.1 MHz), high pulse power is available in a near diffraction limited beam, allowing focused intensities to exceed 10 W/cm and permitting efficient evaporation of difficult materials such as Si. The high power also allows conversion into the second harmonic at 532 nm with an efficiency exceeding 80%. Measurements of the ablation mass in experiments with metals show a 30--100 times increase in the ablation rate compared to the conventional low-repetition-rate ns-range lasers.
•Global groundwater models predicted consistent heads for the Mediterranean basin.•Models performed better at low elevations than in mountainous areas.•Global models reproduced well the observed head ...trends in the Iberian Peninsula.•A geostatistical approach conditioning global models on observations is proposed.•Model conditioning with observations density of 3/1000 km2 or more is recommended.
Groundwater is a strategic freshwater resource that is over-exploited in the Mediterranean region mainly for agricultural uses, leading to severe groundwater depletion in many aquifers. Uncertainties in groundwater availability are further exacerbated by climate change and its associated impacts. To address these challenges and ensure the longevity of this resource, sustainable groundwater management is essential. Unfortunately, our knowledge of groundwater status at the regional Mediterranean scale is limited due to the lack of consistent in-situ monitoring and data sharing. Groundwater modelling at the global scale offers a tool to evaluate the status of data-scarce regions. This study aims to assess steady-state water table depth in the Mediterranean region and its uncertainty by examining the simulations of three global gradient-based groundwater models. To examine these models’ agreement with observed data, we focused for demonstration purposes on the Iberian Peninsula for its climatic diversity similar to that of the Mediterranean region and for its relatively high density of in-situ data. Results showed that the models represented reasonably well the observed groundwater heads of the Iberian Peninsula (R2 = 0.70–0.74). The models performed better at low elevations than in mountainous areas. To overcome the limitations of the regional models, a geostatistical approach is proposed to downscale the average of the three models for different subsets of the observed data (i.e., 10, 30, 50, and 70 %). Results revealed that when the average simulated groundwater depth was conditioned with at least 50 % of observations (equivalent to about three wells per 1000 km2), the spatial groundwater patterns in the Iberian Peninsula were well reproduced (R2 ≥ 0.65). Overall, this study shows that despite their underlying assumptions, global models can be used to map regional groundwater resources as long as they are conditioned on observed data.
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