We assessed satellite‐retrieved marine aerosol in the western Antarctic Peninsula (WAP) across a 12‐year period from coarse‐mode aerosol optical depth (AODC), often used as a proxy for sea spray ...aerosol (SSA), and marine aerosol optical depth (MAOD), a newly developed proxy for tropospheric marine aerosol. Across open ocean to coastal regions, daily fluctuations in nighttime and daytime winds, respectively, drove increasing MAOD and AODC. MAOD depicted strong correlations with wind speed across open ocean and weak correlations in coastal regions. In the open ocean, AODC exhibited a very weak significant correlation to wind speed and a weak significant correlation to sea surface temperature (SST). We thus observed that warmer SST enhanced the production of SSA, supporting prior studies. This is the first study to assess patterns of AODC in the WAP. In contrast to the tropical Pacific, seasonal patterns showed that biological activity likely contributed toward MAOD and AODC magnitudes.
Plain Language Summary
The production of marine aerosol in the Bellingshausen Sea of the western Antarctic is coupled to the environment. Processes driving marine aerosol include wind speed, which produces sea spray aerosol (SSA), sea surface temperature (SST), which can enhance the production of SSA, and seasonal dynamics of sea ice melt and phytoplankton blooms, which can contribute to production of biogenic sources of marine aerosol. To study these drivers in closer detail, we used two specialized proxies of marine aerosol concentration: coarse‐mode Aerosol Optical Depth (AODC), a proxy for SSA, and Marine Aerosol Optical Depth (MAOD) a proxy for low‐altitude marine aerosol. We examined MAOD and AODC from 2007 to 2018 and found that wind speed was a driver of day‐to‐day fluxes in marine aerosol. In contrast to the tropical Pacific in which enhanced biological activity suppresses SSA particle production, we did not observe lessening of MAOD and AODC magnitudes during the biologically productive austral summertime. In fact, summertime MAOD exhibited a weak significant correlation to daily wind speed in the coastal ocean despite a lack of significance in wintertime. This work enriches our knowledge of biotic and abiotic drivers of marine aerosol in high‐latitude environments.
Key Points
The open ocean and coastal Bellingshausen Sea show weak correlations of marine aerosol optical depth (MAOD) to daily winds
AODC exhibits weak correlations to sea surface temperature (SST) in the open ocean and very weak correlations to daily wind speed across all regions
Seasonal increases in MAOD dependence on daily wind speed is likely associated with higher biological activity in summer
The Cloud‐Aerosol Transport System (CATS) is an elastic backscatter lidar that was launched on 10 January 2015 to the International Space Station (ISS). CATS provides both space‐based technology ...demonstrations for future Earth Science missions and operational science measurements. This paper outlines the CATS Level 1 data products and processing algorithms. Initial results and validation data demonstrate the ability to accurately detect optically thin atmospheric layers with 1064 nm nighttime backscatter as low as 5.0E−5 km−1 sr−1. This sensitivity, along with the orbital characteristics of the ISS, enables the use of CATS data for cloud and aerosol climate studies. The near‐real‐time downlinking and processing of CATS data are unprecedented capabilities and provide data that have applications such as forecasting of volcanic plume transport for aviation safety and aerosol vertical structure that will improve air quality health alerts globally.
Key Points
The CATS lidar provides vertical profiles of clouds and aerosols from the ISS
CATS data products are available for investigation of cloud and aerosol properties and transport
CATS processing algorithms have heritage from previous space‐based and airborne lidar systems
We use the recently released Cloud Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations (CALIPSO) Version 4.1 (V4) lidar data to study the smoke plumes transported from Southern African ...biomass burning areas. Significant improvements in the CALIPSO V4 Level 1 calibration and V4 Level 2 algorithms lead to a better representation of their optical properties, with the aerosol subtype improvements being particularly relevant to smoke over this area. For the first time, we show evidence of smoke particles increasing in size, as demonstrated by their particulate color ratios, as they are transported over the South Atlantic Ocean from the source regions over Southern Africa. We hypothesize that this is due to hygroscopic swelling of the smoke particles and is reflected in the higher relative humidity in the middle troposphere for profiles with smoke. This finding may have implications for radiative forcing estimates over this area and is also relevant to the ORACLES field mission.
•Evolution of optical properties of African smoke using V4 CALIPSO lidar data.•Size of the smoke particles shows a distinct increase from land to ocean.•This is likely due to hygroscopic swelling as seen in relative humidity profiles.
Objectives
The objective of this study was to compare clinical outcomes of patients with candidaemia before and after implementation of an antifungal stewardship program (AFSP).
Methods
This study ...included all consecutive cases of candidaemia identified from January 2012 to December 2015 in a French University Hospital. Data were collected retrospectively for a period of 2 years before implementation of the AFSP, and prospectively for 2 years after. All cases were reviewed by a multidisciplinary panel of experts including infectiologists, a microbiologist and pharmacists to have a complete follow-up of patients.
Results
33 and 37 patients were finally included in the first and second period, respectively. The sites of entry of the candidaemia cases studied were as follows: intraabdominal in 29 cases (41.4%), central venous catheter 21 (30.0%), other or unknown: 20 (28.6%). Infectiologist consultations increased from 36.4 to 86.5% between the two periods with a significative impact on daily blood cultures which were more frequently performed in the second period (
p
= 0.04), and the use of echinocandins which was more frequent in the second period (97.1% of cases vs 78.8%,
p
= 0.03). The 3-month mortality rate declined from 36.4% in the first period to 27.0% in the second period (
p
= 0.4).
Conclusions
Despite the insufficient number of candidaemia cases and the presence of other unmodifiable risk factors of mortality which did not allow us to show a significant effect on the 3-month mortality, AFSP had a significant effect on daily blood cultures and echinocandin use as first-line therapy.
Describe the process for designing and creating SimUPAC 360°, a virtual reality training in anti-cancer drug production units.
A multi-centre (a University Hospital, a General Hospital and a Cancer ...Control Centre), inter-professional (pharmacists, hospital pharmacy technicians and health executives) working group has been set up. It was based on videoconferencing and online document sharing. The work was divided into six phases: choice of target audience and training objectives, definition of the business model, development of the scenario, shooting and editing, creation of the training tool and finally tests, adjustments and validation of the tool.
After brainstorming, 77 errors were proposed. Three areas have been defined: covering area, storage and production area, and isolator. They contained 15 errors among the 77 proposed and 20 points of interest. The shooting was carried out over 2 days, in 2 hospitals. Assembly was carried out by a service provider specialist in real virtuality. Before to go online, the tool was tested and validated by experts.
The establishment of a multi-centric and interdisciplinary working group, the choice of target audience, pedagogical objectives and business model ensure the economic viability and scientific and technical robustness of the tool. The scenario development requires to define: activity areas and then, number, difficulty and typology of errors.
Creation of a virtual reality training requires a consistent and structured methodology. This methodology will make it possible to develop other training scenarios.
This study presents seasonal trends in marine tropospheric aerosol arising from the interplay between physical and biological processes in the Western Antarctic Peninsula (WAP). Remote sensing‐based ...studies focused on aerosol distribution and links to chlorophyll‐a concentration and sea ice predominantly use passive sensor retrievals of aerosol optical properties. However, these data are subject to cloud presence, signal uncertainties, and lack of retrievals in high latitude wintertime. To address these concerns, we have developed a method of quantifying tropospheric marine aerosol with the NASA Cloud‐Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observation (CALIPSO), which we term marine aerosol optical depth (MAOD). MAOD may be retrieved in nighttime conditions of high‐latitude winter and is devoid of cloud contamination, thereby advancing upon prior aerosol optical depth (AOD) measurements linked with biogenic aerosol. To examine trends in tropospheric marine aerosol, we undertook a multi‐year remote sensing analysis in the Bellingshausen Sea from 2006 to 2018. A seasonal increase in MAOD was observed alongside a seasonal increase in chl‐a and sea ice melt, suggesting a biogenic component to aerosol presence. To the best of our knowledge, this study is also the first to further distinguish a late winter to early spring temporal MAOD signal, likely tied to an aerosol source from either venting of biogenic aerosol from breaks in sea ice or to sea spray/salt aerosol resulting from pulses in wind speed. Our work extends upon previous findings of AOD in polar environments and now more fully characterizes interactions during polar winter.
Plain Language Summary
Tropospheric marine aerosol presence in the western Antarctic is coupled to physical and biological processes. These aerosols may be biogenic, formed from the activity of primary producers, and can be associated with seasonal dynamics of sea ice melt and phytoplankton blooms. These aerosols may also influence local environments of polar regions by absorbing and scattering solar radiation and by initiating cloud formation. To study tropospheric marine aerosol in the remote marine Bellingshausen Sea environment, we used a specialized instrument onboard the NASA Cloud‐Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observation (CALIPSO) capable of detecting the presence of aerosols at altitudes close to the sea surface. We termed this measurement marine aerosol optical depth (MAOD) and examined MAOD from 2006 to 2018. We found that the presence of aerosol increases alongside blooms of phytoplankton and sea ice melt, as predicted from prior studies, suggesting a biological source. We also find an increase in aerosol that may be linked to degassing of biogenic aerosol or seasonal increases in wind speed, which may indicate the presence of sea spray or sea salt. This work enriches our knowledge of the interwoven relationship between the surface ocean and the overlying atmosphere in this region of our planet.
Key Points
Marine aerosol optical depth (MAOD) retrieved by CALIPSO is used to quantify trends in marine tropospheric aerosol over Western Antarctica
Increases in MAOD are tied to the seasonal melt of sea ice and the biomass of primary producers, suggesting a biogenic aerosol source
MAOD is examined in high latitude winter, thereby advancing on optical depth observations from prior passive remote sensing measurements
Highlights • Rats were trained in a visual discrimination task with one eye occluded. • Training enhanced LTP between the lateral geniculate nucleus and V1 in vivo. • This effect was seen only in the ...hemisphere contralateral to the open eye. • This effect was dependent on NMDA receptor–GluN2B subunits. • NMDA currents in V1 neurons in vitro were more sensitive to GluN2B antagonism.
For measurements that are made by the CALIPSO lidar, the layer-integrated attenuated backscatter of opaque water clouds gamma' water,O can be accurately estimated for those cases for which there is ...no overlying aerosol or cloud layer. When transparent overlying layers of clouds or aerosols are present, the layer-integrated attenuated backscatter that is measured for the water cloud is reduced by a factor that is equal to the two-way transmittance of the upper layer. Because the layer-integrated depolarization ratio can be used to obtain an independent estimate of gamma' water,O , we can subsequently derive both the optical depth and an estimate of the layer-averaged lidar ratio of the overlying layer.
A full azimuthal
φ
-wedge of the ATLAS liquid argon end-cap calorimeter has been exposed to beams of electrons, muons and pions in the energy range
6
GeV
⩽
E
⩽
200
GeV
at the CERN SPS. The angular ...region studied corresponds to the ATLAS impact position around the pseudorapidity interval
1.6
<
|
η
|
<
1.8
. The beam test setup is described. A detailed study of the performance is given as well as the related intercalibration constants obtained. Following the ATLAS hadronic calibration proposal, a first study of the hadron calibration using a weighting ansatz is presented. The results are compared to predictions from Monte Carlo simulations, based on GEANT 3 and GEANT 4 models.
The Physics of the B Factories Bevan, Adrian; Golob, Bostjan; Mannel, Thomas ...
The European physical journal. C, Particles and fields,
March 2015, Letnik:
74, Številka:
11
eBook, Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
This work is on the Physics of the B Factories. Part A of this book contains a brief description of the SLAC and KEK B Factories as well as their detectors, BaBar and Belle, and data taking related ...issues. Part B discusses tools and methods used by the experiments in order to obtain results. The results themselves can be found in Part C.
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