Osteomyelitis is the leading cause of total carcass condemnation in finishing pigs in Portugal, causing significant economic losses in swine production. The present study sought to determine a ...possible link between osteomyelitis in pig carcasses, pre-slaughter factors, and concomitant post-mortem inspection findings. For this purpose, meat inspection data were collected from 100,489 finishing pigs slaughtered in a northern Portuguese abattoir. Information regarding total carcass condemnation, slaughter season, origin, sex, tail-biting lesions, and husbandry invasive procedures (tail docking and teeth resection) was collected. The main cause of total carcass condemnation was osteomyelitis (61.03%). A total of 36.16% of osteomyelitis cases were present in the anterior region and 52.20% in the posterior region. In the anterior region, 94.78% of osteomyelitis cases were in the mandibular bone. Pigs with clipped teeth and carcasses with pleurisies were associated with a higher occurrence of osteomyelitis (p = 0.00262 and p < 0.0001, respectively). Second- and third-grade tail-biting lesions were also linked to a higher occurrence of osteomyelitis (p = 0.00128 and p < 0.0001, respectively). Slaughter inspection and monitoring procedures should be revised to better assess welfare factors and correlate management practices with the occurrence of osteomyelitis in pig carcasses.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Salvia officinalis L. has been used as a traditional herbal medicine for gastric disturbances and inflammatory processes. This study investigated the toxicological, antinociceptive and ...anti-inflammatory effects of the hydroalcoholic extract (HE) from leaves of Salvia officinalis and its isolated compounds in mice.
Mice were treated with HE before the induction of nociceptive response by chemical agents (acetic-acid, formalin, glutamate, capsaicin and cinnamaldehyde). Total leukocytes and plasma extravasation induced by acetic acid and paw oedema induced by glutamate, capsaicin and cinnamaldehyde were also measured. The antinociceptive effect of carnosol and ursolic acid/oleanolic acid were evaluated on formalin and cinnamaldehyde models.
In the acute toxicity test the value of estimated LD50 for HE was 44.7579g/kg. Oral administration of HE (10, 30 and 100mg/kg) inhibited the number of writhings, total leukocytes and plasma extravasation induced by acetic acid. In the formalin test, HE reduced both neurogenic and inflammatory phases, effect that was affected by naloxone. The glutamate-, capsaicin- and cinnamaldehyde-induced nociception and paw oedema were reduced by HE at doses that did not affect the locomotor activity of mice in the open field test. Carnosol (10mg/kg) and ursolic acid/oleanolic acid (30mg/kg) inhibited the inflammatory phase of formalin and the nociception and mechanical allodynia induced by cinnamaldehyde.
These results demonstrate that HE presents significant anti-inflammatory and also antinociceptive effects on chemical behavioral models of nociception that involves an opioid mechanism. In addition, carnosol and ursolic acid/oleanolic acid contained in this plant appears to contribute for the antinociceptive property of the extract, possibly through a modulatory influence on TRPA1-receptors. However, further studies regarding the precise site and the mechanism of action of HE and carnosol and ursolic acid/oleanolic acid merited exploring further.
The study assessed the effects of dietary L‐arginine supplementation from days 85 to 115 of gestation on sow performance, litter quality, piglet physiology and survival variables in the first 24 hr ...of life. Twenty multiparous sows, with a history of hyperprolificacy (more than 14 piglets per litter), were used. A completely randomized experimental design was used, consisting of two treatments: feed supplemented or not with 1% L‐arginine from days 85 to 115 of gestation. The experimental unit consisted of the sow and its respective litter, using 10 replicates per treatment. The sows were distributed into the treatments based on body condition and parity. Supplementation with L‐arginine reduced the within‐litter standard deviation and the within‐litter coefficient of variation of piglet weight at 24 hr by 54 g and 4.14 percentage points respectively (p = .029; p = .035). Supplementation with 1.0% L‐arginine decreased the percentages of piglets weighing less than 800 g by 5.60 and 5.08 points at birth and at 24 hr of life respectively. Piglets from sows supplemented with L‐arginine had higher (p = .088) average rectal temperatures at birth and lower (p = .030) rectal temperature at 24 hr of life in comparison with control piglets. No significant differences in placental weight or estimated colostrum production and intake were observed in the first 24 hr of life. At 24 hr of life, piglets weighing less than 1,000 g and from supplemented sows had lower (p = .048) surface/mass ratios and higher body mass index (p = .070). Piglets from supplemented sows and who weighed 1601 to 1,800 g had lower body mass index and ponderal index (p = .002; p = .003). Supplementation with L‐arginine during the final third of gestation reduces the incidence of unviable piglets (<800 g) and improved litter uniformity and piglets’ body conformation within the first 24 hr of life.
In Brazil, Acmella oleracea (L.) R.K. Jansen, popularly known as “jambu”, has been used by some communities from Amazon region to treat toothache. In this study we examined the antinociceptive effect ...of the ethanolic extract obtained from the flowers of Acmella oleracea (EEAO) in animal models of nociceptive (chemical and thermal) and neuropathic (partial sciatic nerve ligation) pain.
Adult male mice were treated by intraperitoneal route (i.p.) with EEAO before the induction of nociceptive response by formalin, capsaicin and cinnamaldehyde, thermal heat hyperalgesia (hot plate test) and mechanical allodynia (traumatic sciatic nerve injury). Acute toxicity and non-specific sedative effects were evaluated.
EEAO (10, 30 and 100mg/kg) reduced both neurogenic and inflammatory phases of the formalin- and also capsaicin- and cinnamaldehyde-induced orofacial nociception. Interestingly, EEAO at 100mg/kg (i.p.) also reversed capsaicin-induced heat hyperalgesia assessed as the latency to paw withdrawal in the hot plate test. Also in the hot plate test, paw withdrawal latency was increased by EEAO (100mg/kg) and this response was only partially reversed by naloxone. Furthermore, EEAO (100mg/kg) also reduced mechanical allodynia caused by partial sciatic nerve ligation for 3h. The estimated LD50 value was 889.14mg/kg and EEAO did not alter the locomotion of animals in the open-field test.
Taken together, our data show that EEAO produces prevalent antinociceptive effects and does not cause adverse effects. The presence of N-alkylamides, including spilanthol, suggests that the therapeutic effect of EEAO is related to its highest anesthetic activity.
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Skin lesions are iceberg indicators of animal welfare. The study of the bruises in pig carcasses allows the inference of how and when a traumatic moment that resulted in the injury occurred, as well ...as its severity. A cross-sectional study to investigate the association between pre-slaughter factors and the type of skin lesions in cross-breed fattening domestic pigs was performed on 300 pigs slaughtered in a slaughterhouse in Northern Portugal. Data on the sex of the animals, animals? origin, transport time and lairage time were collected. Skin lesions were evaluated according to location (region) on the carcass, shape, size, number of lesions per region and lesion age (colour). Descriptive, univariate and logistic regression analyses were performed (considering p?0.01). A total of 468 injuries were recorded, distributed by different carcass regions. Most of these injuries occurred on the back (37.2%) and temporally close to slaughter (94.2%). Castrated males were more predisposed to present bruises probably related to fights between animals. Females and animals subjected to longer transport times were more likely to have skin lesion injuries resulting from poor handling. The study highlights the importance of regular monitoring of welfare indicators in a pre-slaughter context for more efficient surveillance of animal welfare.
Nowadays, dogs and cats are considered family members, translating into increased proximity to humans. Studies have shown that 40-60% of owners have very close interactions e.g., sharing the same ...dish, face lickings, or sleeping on the same bed. This promotes the exchange of microorganisms between species. Therefore, an One Health approach should be applied to encompass both human and animal health problems. In this study, 37 cases of companion animals (54.1% dogs and 45.9% cats) in a veterinary clinic in northern Portugal were analysed, and urinary and eye infections, respiratory conditions, and dermatological problems were confirmed. According to sample type, 43.2% were from urine, 13.5% from ear exudate, 8.1% from skin exudate, 8.1% from trachealexudate, 2.7% from vaginal exudate, 2.7% from conjunctiva exudate, 2.7% from purulent exudate, 2.7% from bronchoalveolar exudate, 2.7% from ocular exudate, and 2.7% from blood. In all, 21 pathogen species were isolated, of which Pantoea agglomerans, Cronobacter sakazakii, Leclercia adecarboxylata, Sphingomonas paucimobilis are currently considered emerging agents of human infection. The occurrence of these species was 2.4% for Leclercia adecarboxylata (one young male cat), 2.4% for Pantoea agglomerans (one adult male dog), 2.4% for Cronobacter sakazakii (one adult male dog), and 2.4% for Sphingomonas paucimobilis (one adult male dog). Leclercia adecarboxylata is a gram-negative bacillus of the Enterobacteriaceae family. It is a ‘novel’ rare human pathogen, mostly affecting immunocompromised individuals or causing polymicrobial infections in immunocompetent patients. Cronobacter sakazakii is an emerging foodborne pathogen that causes necrotizing enterocolitis and bacteremia in humans, Pantoea agglomerans is associated with a hospital-acquired infection, mostly in immunocompromised individuals with a fatal outcome. Sphingomonas paucimobilis is an emerging opportunistic bacterium with a particular tropism toward bones and soft tissues. The intimate relationship between humans and companion animals presents a potential risk for the transmission of zoonotic pathogens. Therefore, more research based on an One Health approach should be performed to more accurately determine the occurrence and incidence of emerging agents between species.
U današnje vrijeme, psi i mačke smatraju se članovima obitelji, što podrazumijeva sve veću bliskost s ljudima. Nekoliko studija pokazalo je da 40-60 % vlasnika ima vrlo blizak odnos, npr. dijeljenje iste hrane, lizanje lica ili spavanje na istom krevetu. To potiče razmjenu mikroorganizama među vrstama. Iz tog je razloga potrebno primijeniti pristup Jednog zdravlja da bi se obuhvatili i ljudski i životinjski zdravstveni problemi. U ovoj je studiji analizirano 37 slučajeva kućnih ljubimaca (54,1 % pasa i 45,9 % mačaka) u veterinarskoj klinici u sjevernom Portugalu. Kazuistika je uključivala infekcije urinarnog trakta i očiju, respiratorna stanja i dermatološke probleme. Prema vrsti uzoraka, 43,2 % su bili iz urina, 13,5 % iz eksudata iz uha, 8,1 % iz eksudata iz kože, 8,1 % iz eksudata iz dušnika, 2,7 % iz vaginalnog eksudata, 2,7 % iz eksudata iz sluznice, 2,7 % iz gnojnog eksudata, 2,7 % iz bronhoalveolarnog eksudata, 2,7 % iz očnog eksudata i 2,7 % iz krvi. Izolirani su patogeni 21 različite vrste, od čega se Pantoea agglomerans, Cronobacter sakazakii, Leclercia adecarboxylata, Sphingomonas paucimobilis, trenutno smatraju emergentnim uzročnicima ljudske infekcije. Pojavnost ovih vrsta bila je 2,4 % za Leclercia adecarboxylata (jedan mladi mačak), 2,4 % za Pantoea agglomerans (jedan mladi pas), 2,4 % za Cronobacter sakazakii (jedan mladi pas) i 2,4 % za Sphingomonas paucimobilis (jedan mladi pas). Leclercia adecarboxylata je gram-negativni bacil iz obitelji enterobakterija. To je rijedak „novi“ ljudski patogen koji uglavnom pogađa imunokompromitirane pojedince ili prouzroči polimikrobne infekcije u imunokompetentnih bolesnika. Cronobacter sakazakii je emergentni patogen koji se prenosi hranom, a koji prouzroči nekrotizirajući enterokolitis i bakterijemiju u ljudi, Pantoea agglomerans povezana je s bolničkom infekcijom, uglavnom kod imunokompromitiranih pojedinaca sa smrtnim slučajevima. Sphingomonas paucimobilis je emergentna oportunistička bakterija s posebnim tropizmom za kosti i meka tkiva. Bliski odnos između ljudi i ljubimaca predstavlja potencijalni rizik prijenosa zoonotskih patogena. Iz tog je razloga potrebno provesti dodatna istraživanja na temelju pristupa Jednog zdravlja, da bi se preciznije odredila pojavnost i incidencija emergentnih uzročnika među vrstama.
Existe uma forte relação entre qualidade de carne e o bem-estar animal, sendo importante uma monitorização eficaz em matadouro. As lesões de pele são consideradas um dos indicadores "iceberg" do ...bem-estar animal, sendo influenciadas por fatores que antecedem o abate, que também poderão levar a alterações de pH da carne.Este trabalho teve como objetivo principal determinar o impacto do maneio de suínos durante o período de pré-abate no bem-estar animal e na qualidade da carne para consumo. Para tal procedeu-se à caracterização das lesões de pele detetadas na inspeção ante mortem e post morteme à avaliação do pH da carcaça 45 minutos e 22 horas após o abate e ao estudo do impacto de fatores como a duração do transporte, o tempo de espera em abegoaria, o tempo de jejum e a origem dos animais nas lesões de pele e no pH da carcaça.Neste trabalho, efetuou-se o estudo de caracterização das lesões de pele (forma, tamanho, nº de lesões e cor) de 300 animais e mediu-se o pH de três regiões diferentes da carcaça, 45 minutos e 22 horas após a sangria em 112 desses animais.Como resultados principais, destaca-se que a maior prevalência de lesões de pele ocorreu no dorso e membro pélvico (59,2% das lesões). Os machos castrados estiveram mais predispostos a lesões de pele decorrentes de comportamento agressivo entre animais. As fêmeas apresentaram maior predisposição para lesões associadas a mau maneio e/ou comportamento de monta no pré-abate. Também o tempo de viagem e a origem dos animais estiveram mais associadas a lesões decorrentes de mau maneio. Os machos inteiros estiveram mais predispostos a apresentarem valores de pH 45 minutos após o abate mais baixos e animais sujeitos a viagens com duração superior apresentaram maior suscetibilidade a registar valores de pH 22 horas após o abate superiores. Conclui-se, assim, a importância do controlo regular destes indicadores para uma vigilância mais eficiente do bemestar animal e salvaguarda da qualidade e segurança alimentar.
Respiratory diseases have a great impact in the swine production industry. Macroscopic lesions in lungs are often detected during routine post-mortem inspection in the slaughterhouse, with enzootic ...pneumonia-like lesions (EP-like lesions) and pleuritic lesions being the most common. EP-like lesions, which are primary related with Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae infection, are characterised by consolidation areas, demarcated purple or grey areas in the lungs. Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae is a respiratory pathogen and the suggestive lesions associated with previous infections of this agent are commonly chronic pleurisy lesions located in the dorso-caudal regions from the lungs. This type of lesion is commonly evaluated by the Slaughterhouse Pleurisy Evaluation System (SPES). The aim of this study was to determine the occurrence of EP-like lesions and pleurisy in 2,142 finishing pigs from 18 different farms (central Portugal, southern Portugal, and northern Spain), the association between EP-like lesions and pleurisies, and the relationship with pluck lesions (lobe scars, emphysema, lung congestion, pericarditis, liver milk spots lesions, and steatosis) and gut lesions (splenitis, pancreatitis, enteritis). For this purpose, EP-like lesions were classified per lobe under the method of enzootic pneumonia–like lesions. Pleurisy lesions were classified under the SPES score method. The presence of other lesions such as pericarditis, liver milk spots, splenitis, pancreatitis, lymphadenitis, and enteritis were also evaluated. Descriptive and multivariate logistic regression analyses were carried out. A variable was considered statistically significant when its P-value≤ 0.05, i.e. its 95% confidence interval of the Odds Ratio (OR) does not contain 1. Among the sample, 41.1% pigs presented EP-like lesions (20.5% registered EP-like lesions scored 1–3, and 20.7% scored 4–24). Around 12% of the sample presented pleurisy, of which 4.8% were of a degree 4 level. Following the EP-like lesions and pleurisy, liver milk spots and pericarditis were the most frequent lesions (4.8% and3.6%, respectively). In this study, the most affected lobes by EP-like lesions were the medial and cranial lobes. The higher the EP-like lesion score, the lower the incidence of presenting an SPES score of 4 (OR=0.38, P<0.001). The higher the SPES scores, the lower the incidence of an EP-like lesion score of category 1 (OR=0.86, P=0.031) or category 2 (OR=0.71, P<0.0001). Pericarditis was associated with a higher incidence of SPES scores 1 (OR=8.57, P<0.001), 2 (OR=7.29, P<0.001), or 4 (OR=26.55, P<0.001). Consolidated pneumonia lesions were the most common cause of partial rejection for human consumption, followed by pleuritic lesions, milk spot lesions, and pericarditis. This study reinforces the importance of monitoring respiratory findings of pig carcasses at the slaughterhouse. It is advantageous to assess the animal’s production performance and welfare. Moreover, lung lesions are closely associated with other findings in tissues and organs with economic value, which can be subclinical or difficult to diagnose in live animals. Furthermore, to the best of our knowledge, this is the only study of its kind carried out in Portugal.
Respiratorne bolesti imaju veliki utjecaj na svinjogojsku proizvodnju. Makroskopske se lezije u plućima često detektiraju kod rutinskih razudbi u klaonicama s tim da su lezije slične enzootskoj pneumoniji (lezije slične EP-u) i pleuritične lezije. Lezije slične EP-u, koje su prije svega povezane s infekcijom bakterijom Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, okarakterizirane su konsolidacijskim područjima, ograničenim ljubičastim ili sivim područjima u plućima. Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae respiratorni je patogen, a lezije koje na njega ukazuju povezane s prethodnim infekcijama ovim uzročnikom obično su kronične pleuritične lezije koje se nalaze u dorzo-kaudalnom području pluća. Ovu vrstu lezija obično ocjenjuje „Sustav za procjenu pleuritisa klaonice“(SPES). Cilj je ove studije ispitati pojavnost lezija sličnih EP-u i pleuritisa u 2.142 svinje iz završne obrade koje dolaze s 18 različitih farmi (središnji i južni Portugal i sjeverna Španjolska), vezu između lezija sličnih EP-u i pleuritisa i vezu s lezijama srca, jetre, traheje i pluća (ožiljci na režnjevima, emfizem, kongestija pluća, perikarditis, lezije mliječno bijelih mrlja na jetri i steatoza) te lezije utrobe (splenitis, pankreatitis, enteritis). U tu svrhu, lezije slične EP-u su klasificirane prema režnju primjenom metode lezija sličnih enzootskoj pneumoniji. Pleuritične lezije su klasificirane primjenom metode SPES bodovanja. Procijenjena je i prisutnost drugih lezija poput: perikarditisa, mliječno bijelih mrlja na jetri, splenitisa, pankreatitisa, limfadenitisa i enteritisa. Provedene su opisne analize i multivarijatne logističke regresijske analize. Varijabla se smatrala statistički značajnom kada je njezina P-vrijednost ≤ 0,05, a omjer izgleda (OR) razmatran je s intervalom pouzdanosti 95 %. Od uzoraka, 41,1 % svinja imalo je lezije slične EP-u (za 20,5 % lezije sličnih EP-u bodovane su 1-3, a za 20,7 % rezultat je bio 4-24). Oko 12 % uzoraka imalo je pleuritis, a 4,8 % njih registriralo je stupanj 4. Nakon lezija sličnih EP-u i pleuritisa, sljedeće najučestalije lezije bile su mliječno bijele mrlje na jetri i perikarditis (4,8 %,odnosno 3,6 %). U ovoj studiji, režnjevi koji su bili najpogođeniji lezijama sličnih EP-u bili su medijalni i kranijalni režanj. Što je rezultat lezije slični EP-u bio veći to je bila manja mogućnost za SPES rezultat 4 (OR=0,38, P<0001). Što je bio veći SPES rezultat, toje bila manja mogućnost za pojavom lezija sličnih EP-u kategorije 1 (OR=0,86, P=0,031) i kategorije 2 (OR=0,71, P<0001). Perikarditis je bio povezan s više mogućnosti za pojavom SPES rezultata 1 (OR=8,57, P<0001), SPES rezultata 2 (OR=7,29, P<0001) i SPES rezultata 4 (OR=26,55, P<0001). Konsolidirane lezije pneumonije predstavljale su glavni uzrok djelomičnog odbijanja za ljudsku konzumaciju, nakon čega su slijedile: pleuritične lezije, lezije mliječno bijelih mrlja na jetri i perikarditis. U ovoj je studiji naglašena važnost nadziranja respiratornih nalaza lešina svinja u klaonicama. Nužno je procijeniti proizvodnu učinkovitost i dobrobit životinje. Lezije na plućima usko su povezane s drugim nalazima u tkivima i organima s ekonomskom vrijednošću koje mogu biti subkliničke ili teške za dijagnosticiranje u živih životinja. Prema našim saznanjima, to je jedina studija ove vrste provedena u Portugalu.
Oligonychus ilicis
(McGregor) (Acari: Tetranychidae), commonly known as the southern red mite, or as the coffee red spider mite in Brazil, is one of the main species of herbivorous mites that causes ...serious damage to coffee plants (
Coffea
spp.) and thus negatively affects coffee production. Among the biocontrol agents, predatory mites of the family Phytoseiidae play an important role in many biological control programs worldwide due to their potential as suppressor of mite populations mainly from the family Tetranychidae. One of the phytoseiid mites usually associated with
O. ilicis
is
Euseius concordis
(Chant), which often occurs abundantly in the coffee crops of Minas Gerais State, Brazil. This study was conducted to assess the predation potential of
E. concordis
feeding on the larvae and nymph stages of
O. ilicis
on coffee plants (
Coffea arabica
L.). Logistic regression analysis revealed a Holling type II functional response, showing that the number of
O. ilicis
killed by
E. concordis
increased gradually as the density of
O. ilicis
increased. Average daily oviposition also increased with prey densities above 6.3 mites/cm
2
, indicating that maximum oviposition rate is about 1 egg/day. Results of this study suggest that
E. concordis
has the potential to reduce
O. ilicis
populations, and this predatory mite can therefore be considered an important natural enemy of the pest
O. ilicis
in coffee plantations.
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