Humans often rank craniofacial pain as more severe than body pain. Evidence suggests that a stimulus of the same intensity induces stronger pain in the face than in the body. However, the underlying ...neural circuitry for the differential processing of facial versus bodily pain remains unknown. Interestingly, the lateral parabrachial nucleus (PB
), a critical node in the affective pain circuit, is activated more strongly by noxious stimulation of the face than of the hindpaw. Using a novel activity-dependent technology called CANE developed in our laboratory, we identified and selectively labeled noxious-stimulus-activated PB
neurons and performed comprehensive anatomical input-output mapping. Surprisingly, we uncovered a hitherto uncharacterized monosynaptic connection between cranial sensory neurons and the PB
-nociceptive neurons. Optogenetic activation of this monosynaptic craniofacial-to-PB
projection induced robust escape and avoidance behaviors and stress calls, whereas optogenetic silencing specifically reduced facial nociception. The monosynaptic circuit revealed here provides a neural substrate for heightened craniofacial affective pain.
Primary pain and touch sensory neurons not only detect internal and external sensory stimuli, but also receive inputs from other neurons. However, the neuronal derived inputs for primary neurons have ...not been systematically identified. Using a monosynaptic rabies viruses-based transneuronal tracing method combined with sensory-specific Cre-drivers, we found that sensory neurons receive intraganglion, intraspinal, and supraspinal inputs, the latter of which are mainly derived from the rostroventral medulla (RVM). The viral-traced central neurons were largely inhibitory but also consisted of some glutamatergic neurons in the spinal cord and serotonergic neurons in the RVM. The majority of RVM-derived descending inputs were dual GABAergic and enkephalinergic (opioidergic). These inputs projected through the dorsolateral funiculus and primarily innervated layers I, II, and V of the dorsal horn, where pain-sensory afferents terminate. Silencing or activation of the dual GABA/enkephalinergic RVM neurons in adult animals substantially increased or decreased behavioral sensitivity, respectively, to heat and mechanical stimuli. These results are consistent with the fact that both GABA and enkephalin can exert presynaptic inhibition of the sensory afferents. Taken together, this work provides a systematic view of and a set of tools for examining peri- and extrasynaptic regulations of pain-afferent transmission.
It is well established that seizures beget seizures, yet the cellular processes that underlie progressive epileptogenesis remain unclear. Here, we use optogenetics to briefly activate targeted ...populations of mouse piriform cortex (PCx) principal neurons in vivo. After just 3 or 4 days of stimulation, previously subconvulsive stimuli trigger massive, generalized seizures. Highly recurrent allocortices are especially prone to “optokindling.” Optokindling upsets the balance of recurrent excitation and feedback inhibition. To understand how this balance is disrupted, we then selectively reactivate the same neurons in vitro. Surprisingly, we find no evidence of heterosynaptic potentiation; instead, we observe a marked, pathway-specific decrease in feedback inhibition. We find no loss of inhibitory interneurons; rather, decreased GABA synthesis in feedback inhibitory neurons appears to underlie weakened inhibition. Optokindling will allow precise identification of the molecular processes by which brain activity patterns can progressively and pathologically disrupt the balance of cortical excitation and inhibition.
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•Brief, daily optogenetic stimulation rapidly induces kindling epileptogenesis•Highly recurrent, allocortical areas are particularly susceptible to “optokindling”•Selectively activating principal cells does not strengthen recurrent excitation•Instead, “optokindling” weakens feedback inhibition by disrupting GABA synthesis
Ryu et al. use optogenetics to briefly activate principal neurons in mouse piriform cortex. After 4 days, previously innocuous stimuli evoke massive, generalized seizures. “Optokindling” does not strengthen recurrent excitation; instead, it weakens feedback inhibition by decreasing synaptic cleft GABA concentrations and slowing vesicle refilling, consistent with decreased GABA synthesis.
LatinX Voices: Hispanics in Media in the U.S. is the first undergraduate textbook to pro vide an overview of Hispanic/LatinX Media in the U.S., with chapters written by top scholars and ...professionals, giving readers an understanding of how the LatinX audience has transformed media in the United States. Editors Katidia Barbara Coronado and Erica Rodríguez Kight cover this evolving industry with years of professional and research experience, as well as years of teaching broadcast media courses in the classroom. Students will discover unique perspectives on topics related to Latin American areas of interest. With chapters from professionals who have left their mark in print, radio, television, film, and new media, this volume brings together expert voices in Hispanic/LatinX media from across the U.S., and explains the impact of this population on the media industry today.
New neurons born in the adult brain undergo a critical period soon after migration to their site of incorporation. During this time, the behavior of the animal may influence the survival or culling ...of these cells. In the songbird song system, earlier work suggested that adult-born neurons may be retained in the song motor pathway nucleus HVC with respect to motor progression toward a target song during juvenile song learning, seasonal song restructuring, and experimentally manipulated song variability. However, it is not known whether the quality of song per se, without progressive improvement, may also influence new neuron survival. To test this idea, we experimentally altered song acoustic structure by unilateral denervation of the syrinx, causing a poor quality song. We found no effect of aberrant song on numbers of new neurons in HVC, suggesting that song quality does not influence new neuron culling in this region. However, aberrant song resulted in the loss of left-side dominance in new neurons in the auditory region caudomedial nidopallium (NCM), and a bilateral decrease in new neurons in the basal ganglia nucleus Area X. Thus new neuron culling may be influenced by behavioral feedback in accordance with the function of new neurons within that region. We propose that studying the effects of singing behaviors on new neurons across multiple brain regions that differentially subserve singing may give rise to general rules underlying the regulation of new neuron survival across taxa and brain regions more broadly.
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Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Recent neuroscience studies demonstrate that a deeper understanding of brain function requires a deeper understanding of behavior. Detailed behavioral measurements are now often collected using video ...cameras, resulting in an increased need for computer vision algorithms that extract useful information from video data. Here we introduce a new video analysis tool that combines the output of supervised pose estimation algorithms (e.g. DeepLabCut) with unsupervised dimensionality reduction methods to produce interpretable, low-dimensional representations of behavioral videos that extract more information than pose estimates alone. We demonstrate this tool by extracting interpretable behavioral features from videos of three different head-fixed mouse preparations, as well as a freely moving mouse in an open field arena, and show how these interpretable features can facilitate downstream behavioral and neural analyses. We also show how the behavioral features produced by our model improve the precision and interpretation of these downstream analyses compared to using the outputs of either fully supervised or fully unsupervised methods alone.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs) have demonstrated therapeutic efficacy for various psychological conditions, and smartphone apps that facilitate mindfulness practice can enhance the reach and ...impact of MBIs. The goal of this review was to summarize the published evidence on the impact of mindfulness apps on the psychological processes known to mediate transdiagnostic symptom reduction after mindfulness practice. A literature search from January 1, 1993, to August 7, 2023 was conducted on three databases, and 28 randomized controlled trials involving 5963 adults were included. Across these 28 studies, 67 outcome comparisons were made between a mindfulness app group and a control group. Between-group effects tended to favor the mindfulness app group over the control group in three psychological process domains: repetitive negative thinking, attention regulation, and decentering/defusion. Findings were mixed in other domains (i.e., awareness, nonreactivity, non-judgment, positive affect, and acceptance). The range of populations examined, methodological concerns across studies, and problems with sustained app engagement likely contributed to mixed findings. However, effect sizes tended to be moderate to large when effects were found, and gains tended to persist at follow-up assessments two to six months later. More research is needed to better understand the impact of these apps on psychological processes of change. Clinicians interested in integrating apps into care should consider app-related factors beyond evidence of a clinical foundation and use app databases to identify suitable apps for their patients, as highlighted at the end of this review.
Minorities in the United States such as African Americans and Hispanics may have more severe disease than non-Hispanic whites. Factors contributing to these disparities are reviewed. The variations ...in disability from non-Hispanic whites may be the result of differences in clinical presentation, genetic underpinnings, and sociocultural factors. Creating awareness and increasing participation in research studies may improve our understanding.
Para la administración de empresas productivas metalúrgicas es importante desarrollar procesos de gestión de la calidad y brinda solvencia en el mercado minero metalúrgico y su proyección. En tal ...sentido, la presente investigación tiene como objetivo Diseñar un sistema de gestión de la calidad con la aplicación de la norma NB/ISO 9001:2015 para optimizar los procesos productivos en la empresa Tecnología en Fundición Careaga Campos “TECFUCCA SRL” de la ciudad de Potosí. Para lograrlo se planteó una investigación de tipo descriptiva con paradigma mixto, a través de un cuestionario, entrevista semiestructurada y guía de observación. Estos instrumentos fueron aplicados a empleados y gerentes; así como la observación de los procesos en la empresa objeto de estudio. Los resultados arrojaron que la empresa no cuenta con una estructura organizacional adecuada, ni manual de gestión de la calidad. Para ello se diseñó una propuesta en base a los lineamientos de la norma NB/ISO 9001:2015, esto contempla: Manual de Gestión de la Calidad; Manual de Procedimientos; Manual de Funciones y Presupuesto de Implementación.
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