The arrival and establishment of invasive forest pests can cause devastating environmental damage and great economic impact. For example, the cost over the past decade of dealing with the arrival of ...a single invasive beetle in the USA, the emerald ash borer (Agrilus planipennis), is estimated at more than USD10 billion.1 Originating from Asia, this beetle has killed hundreds of millions of native ash trees since it became established in the USA. However, this beetle is but one of hundreds of invasive insect pests that impact forests in the USA, and that contribute to a global tree health crisis caused by invasive insects and pathogenic microorganisms.2-4
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DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Novel species of fungi described in this study include those from various countries as follows:
,
from permafrost,
from an unidentified marine sponge.
,
on humus in mixed forest.
, Golovinomyces ...glandulariae on
on leaves of
on leaves of
on leaves of
,
on soil,
on rotten stalks of
on leaf litter covered soil,
(incl.
gen. nov.) on
in soil,
from pod of
,
on soil.
,
on resin of
,
on leaves of
,
from carbonatite in Karst cave.
,
on leaves of
,
on wood.
,
on calcareous substrate.
,
and
var.
on soil.
,
on dead wood.
,
in soil.
,
(incl.
ord. nov. and
gen. nov.) and
on needles of
,
on stems of
on
on
sp.
,
on forest floor.
,
from saline water.
,
on fallen branch of deciduous tree,
on decaying deciduous wood or soil.
,
and
(incl.
gen. nov.) on leaves of
sp.,
on leaf spots of
×
on leaves of
on leaf litter of
,
(incl.
gen. nov.) on leaf litter of
,
on leaves of
,
(incl.
gen. nov. and
fam. nov.) on leaves of
,
and
on leaves of
sp.,
on leaves of
subsp.
,
on leaf litter of
sp.,
pota
(incl.
pota
gen. nov.) on leaves of
,
on
,
on leaves of
,
and
on leaves of
sp.,
(incl.
gen. nov.) on leaves of
,
on leaf litter of
,
(incl.
gen. nov.) on leaf spots of
sp.,
(incl.
gen. nov. and
fam. nov.) on leaves of
,
on leaf spots of
sp.,
from dog food,
(incl.
gen. nov.) on leaves of
,
on leaf spots of
,
and
on leaves of
,
on leaves of
,
on leaves of
,
(incl.
gen. nov.) on leaves of
,
from rotting wood in goldmine,
on
,
on soil,
on a living twig of
,
in fluvial sediments,
on dead attached twig of
,
on soil,
on leaf litter of
,
in soil,
in soil,
on submerged plant debris.
,
on cicada nymph,
on spider,
on leaves of
sp.,
on cicada nymph.
,
and
on culms of
,
from air sample,
and
on leaves of
×
,
on leaves of
sp
,
from sediment in a mine,
from sediment in a railroad tunnel,
on soil,
on leaf of
,
and
on soil. Morphological and culture characteristics are supported by DNA barcodes.
•Eight Phytophthora species and one informal species were recovered by baiting.•Three putative hybrids were also recovered.•Three species had not been reported in South Africa previously.•Urban ...gardens provide opportunities for early detection and baseline data collection.
Phytophthora species are important plant pathogens especially due to their ability to invade and change ecosystems. However, information regarding their diversity and distribution is not available in many parts of the world. In these areas, surveys of botanical gardens can provide opportunities to detect novel plant-microbe interactions on both indigenous and exotic plants. Three botanical gardens and one historical urban garden in the Western Cape Province of South Africa were surveyed to establish baseline information of Phytophthora species diversity in the Cape Floristic Region. Eight described species (P. amnicola, P. asparagi, P. capensis, P. cinnamomi, P. chlamydospora, P. lacustris, P. multivora and P. tropicalis), the known but as yet unnamed P. sp. emzansi and 3 putative hybrids were recovered. Forty eight of 103 samples collected were positive for Phytophthora species and P multivora was the most frequently isolated species. Three species (P. amnicola, P. asparagi and P. tropicalis) had not previously been reported in South Africa, although hybrid progeny of P. amincola had been found in two previous studies. These results highlight the value of botanical gardens as areas for baseline data collection and early warning systems.
The African Scarabaeinae genus Sarophorus Erichson, 1847 is distributed from Tanzania in the north to the Western Cape Province of South Africa. Of the 10 species currently recognised (Frolov & ...Scholtz 2003; Frolov 2004), six are restricted to South Africa (Frolov & Scholtz 2003). These medium-sized (5–10 mm) black to dark brown beetles are characterised by somewhat rectangular, densely punctate bodies, a clypeus that is sinuate medially and rounded to angulate or strongly protruded (as is the case for Sarophorus bidentatus Frolov & Scholtz 2003) at the sides, lateral margins of the elytra that are sinuate at the base, and anterior tibiae with three outer teeth and an acute, downward-curving spur (Frolov & Scholtz 2003; Davis et al. 2008).
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DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Seasonal growth of the fungal genera Gondwanamyces and Ophiostoma (hereafter referred to as ophiostomatoid fungi) on the floral parts of serotinous Proteaceae flowers was investigated. Several new ...Protea host species were found and new knowledge emerged regarding the tissue types colonised by these fungi. Although floral parts of a wide range of Proteaceae were examined, ophiostomatoid fungi were exclusively collected from the infructescences of serotinous species of Protea. A definite seasonal pattern was observed, with colonisation numbers peaking during the wetter winter months. P. laurifolia was found to be a new host for Ophiostoma splendens and Gondwanamyces capensis. Ophiostomatoid fungi were restricted to dead floral parts, and fruiting structures were never observed on living plant tissue. Both the vector organisms and the specific ecological function of the ophiostomatoid fungi are still unknown, and require further investigation.
Invertebrates are essential for ecosystem functioning and have received much attention in biodiversity, conservation and ecological studies. Numerous collection techniques for assessing arthropod ...diversity exist, but there is little understanding of the consequences of choice of any particular method. This information is essential for project planning and for the interpretation of results. Here we assess sweep netting and suction sampling, two widely used methods for sampling foliage arthropods, and compare them in terms of their efficacy and effort in surveying arthropod biodiversity. Arthropods were collected in paired transects in shrubby fynbos vegetation in the Cape Floristic Region, a biodiversity hotspot. Overall, the vacuum sampling collected significantly more species and individuals than sweep netting, although this was taxon specific. Use of the vacuum sampler significantly increased the time spent in the field per transect and it also collected significantly more dead plant biomass than the sweep net, thus requires a longer period to sort samples afterwards. Sweep netting caused significantly more damage to plants, an important consideration when working in sensitive ecosystems. Assemblage composition of arthropods collected by the two methods were significantly different with only about half of all arthropod species collected shared between the two methods. Our results show that overall, the vacuum sampler outperformed the sweep net in terms of arthropod species richness and abundance and minimising damage to vegetation, but that it takes considerably longer to collect the relevant data. When more representative biodiversity surveying is needed, the use of both techniques is encouraged.
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DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
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