Still a house divided King, Desmond S; Smith, Rogers M
2011., 20110822, 2011, 2011-08-22, Letnik:
125
eBook
Why have American policies failed to reduce the racial inequalities still pervasive throughout the nation? Has President Barack Obama defined new political approaches to race that might spur unity ...and progress? Still a House Divided examines the enduring divisions of American racial politics and how these conflicts have been shaped by distinct political alliances and their competing race policies. Combining deep historical knowledge with a detailed exploration of such issues as housing, employment, criminal justice, multiracial census categories, immigration, voting in majority-minority districts, and school vouchers, Desmond King and Rogers Smith assess the significance of President Obama's election to the White House and the prospects for achieving constructive racial policies for America's future.
The composition of the gut microbiome with the use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) has not been fully characterized. Drug use within the past 30 days was ascertained in 155 adults, ...and stool specimens were submitted for analysis. Area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) was calculated in logit models to distinguish the relative abundance of operational taxonomic units (OTUs) by medication class. The type of medication had a greater influence on the gut microbiome than the number of medications. NSAIDs were particularly associated with distinct microbial populations. Four OTUs (Prevotella species, Bacteroides species, family Ruminococcaceae, and Barnesiella species) discriminated aspirin users from those using no medication (AUC = 0.96; 95% CI 0.84–1.00). The microbiome profile of celecoxib users was similar to that of ibuprofen users, with both showing enrichment of Acidaminococcaceae and Enterobacteriaceae. Bacteria from families Propionibacteriaceae, Pseudomonadaceae, Puniceicoccaceae and Rikenellaceae were more abundant in ibuprofen users than in controls or naproxen users. Bacteroides species and Erysipelotrichaceae species discriminated individuals using NSAIDs plus proton-pump inhibitors from those using NSAIDs alone (AUC = 0.96; 95% CI 0.87–1.00). Bacteroides species and a bacterium of family Ruminococcaceae discriminated individuals using NSAIDs in combination with antidepressants and laxatives from those using NSAIDs alone (AUC = 0.98; 95% CI 0.93–1.00). In conclusion, bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract reflect the combinations of medications that people ingest. The bacterial composition of the gut varied with the type of NSAID ingested.
How can we build thriving political communities? In this provocative account of how societies are bound together, Rogers Smith examines the importance of 'stories of peoplehood', narratives that ...promise economic or political power and define political allegiances in religious, cultural, racial, ethnic and related terms. Smith argues that no nations are purely civic: all are bound in part by stories that seek to define elements intrinsic to their members' identities and worth. These types of stories can support valuable forms of political life but they also pose dangers that must be understood if they are to be confronted. In contrast to much contemporary writing, Stories of Peoplehood argues for community-building via robust contestation among sharply differing views. This original argument combines accessible theory with colourful examples of myths and stories from around the world and over 2,500 years of human history.
Angular Momentum Transport in Stellar Interiors Aerts, Conny; Mathis, Stéphane; Rogers, Tamara M
Annual review of astronomy and astrophysics,
08/2019, Letnik:
57, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Stars lose a significant amount of angular momentum between birth and death, implying that efficient processes transporting it from the core to the surface are active. Space asteroseismology ...delivered the interior rotation rates of more than a thousand low- and intermediate-mass stars, revealing the following:
Single stars rotate nearly uniformly during the core-hydrogen and core-helium burning phases.
Stellar cores spin up to a factor of 10 faster than the envelope during the red giant phase.
The angular momentum of the helium-burning core of stars is in agreement with the angular momentum of white dwarfs.
Observations reveal a strong decrease of core angular momentum when stars have a convective core. Current theory of angular momentum transport fails to explain this. We propose improving the theory with a data-driven approach, whereby angular momentum prescriptions derived frommultidimensional (magneto)hydrodynamical simulations and theoretical considerations are continuously tested against modern observations. The TESS and PLATO space missions have the potential to derive the interior rotation of large samples of stars, including high-mass and metal-poor stars in binaries and clusters. This will provide the powerful observational constraints needed to improve theory and simulations.
Aims
The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of needle fear and summarize the characteristics of individuals who exhibit this fear.
Background
Injections are among the most common ...medical procedures, yet fear of needles can result in avoidance of preventive measures and treatment.
Design
Systematic review and meta‐analysis.
Data Sources
MEDLINE (1966–2017), Embase (1947–2017), PsycINFO (1967–2017), and CINAHL (1961–2017) were searched, with no restrictions by age, gender, race, language, or country.
Review Methods
The prevalence of needle fear was calculated and restricted maximum likelihood random effects models were used for meta‐analysis and meta‐regression.
Results
The search yielded 119 original research articles which are included in this review, of which 35 contained sufficient information for meta‐analysis. The majority of children exhibited needle fear, while prevalence estimates for needle fear ranged from 20‐50% in adolescents and 20–30% in young adults. In general, needle fear decreased with increasing age. Both needle fear and needle phobia were more prevalent in females than males. Avoidance of influenza vaccination because of needle fear occurred in 16% of adult patients, 27% of hospital employees, 18% of workers at long‐term care facilities, and 8% of healthcare workers at hospitals. Needle fear was common when undergoing venipuncture, blood donation, and in those with chronic conditions requiring injection.
Conclusions
Fear of needles is common in patients requiring preventive care and in those undergoing treatment. Greater attention should be directed to interventions which alleviate fear in high‐risk groups.
目的
本研究旨在评估针头恐惧的发生率,并总结出现这种恐惧的个体的特征。
背景
注射是最常见的医疗程序之一,但对针头的恐惧会导致患者拒绝预防处理和治疗。
设计
系统回顾与元分析。
数据来源
搜索MEDLINE(1966‐2017)、Embase(1947‐2017)、PsycINFO(1967‐2017)和护理学数据库(CINAHL)(1961‐2017),不限制年龄、性别、种族、语言或国家。
评价方法
计算针头恐惧的发生率,采用限制性最大似然随机效应模型进行元分析和元回归分析。
结果
此次审查中检索出119篇原创研究论文,其中35篇包含足够的元分析信息。大多数儿童表现出针头恐惧症,而针头恐惧症的患病率估计在青少年中为20‐50%,年轻人为20‐30%。一般而言,随着年龄的增长,针头恐惧感也降低。女性的针头恐惧感和打针恐惧症比男性更普遍。16%的成年患者、27%的医院工作人员、18%的长期护理机构工作人员和8%的医院医务人员因害怕针头而避免接种流感疫苗。在静脉穿刺、献血和需要注射治疗的慢性疾病患者中,针头恐惧是一种常见现象。
结论
对针的恐惧在需要预防护理的患者和正在接受治疗的患者中很常见。应更加注重采取干预措施,减轻高危人群的针头恐惧。
Environmental DNA (eDNA) applications are transforming the standard of characterizing aquatic biodiversity via the presence, location and abundance of DNA collected from environmental samples. As ...eDNA studies use DNA fragments as a proxy for the presence of organisms, the ecological properties of the complex and dynamic environments from which eDNA is sampled need to be considered for accurate biological interpretation. In this review, we discuss the role that differing environments play on the major processes that eDNA undergoes between organism and collection, including shedding, decay and transport. We focus on a mechanistic understanding of these processes and highlight how decay and transport models are being developed towards more accurate and robust predictions of the fate of eDNA. We conclude with five recommendations for eDNA researchers and practitioners, to advance current best practices, as well as to support a future model of eDNA spatio-temporal persistence.
Summary
Background A majority of studies investigating the accuracy of ultrasound for detecting hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) do not reflect how this test is used for surveillance vs. diagnosis.
...Aim To determine the performance characteristics of surveillance with ultrasound for the detection of HCC, particularly early HCC as defined by the Milan criteria.
Methods A systematic literature review using the MEDLINE and SCOPUS databases yielded six studies that evaluated the accuracy of ultrasound for HCC at any stage and 13 studies that were specific to early HCC.
Results Surveillance ultrasound detected the majority of tumours before they presented clinically, with a pooled sensitivity of 94%. However, ultrasound was less effective for detecting early HCC with a sensitivity of 63%. Alpha‐fetoprotein provided no additional benefit to ultrasound. Meta‐regression analysis demonstrated a significantly higher sensitivity for early HCC with ultrasound every 6 months than with annual surveillance. Current studies have limitations such as verification bias and are of suboptimal quality.
Conclusions Surveillance with ultrasound demonstrates limited sensitivity for early HCC, although this may be improved by testing at 6‐month intervals. Currently available evidence evaluating surveillance ultrasound has significant limitations and future studies are necessary to determine optimal surveillance methods for early HCC.
Ophthalmologic abnormalities have been described in patients with dementia, but the extent to which poor vision and treatment for visual disorders affect cognitive decline is not well defined. Linked ...data from the Health and Retirement Study and Medicare files (1992–2005) were used to follow the experiences of 625 elderly US study participants with normal cognition at baseline. The outcome was a diagnosis of dementia, cognitively impaired but no dementia, or normal cognition. Poor vision was associated with development of dementia (P = 0.0048); individuals with very good or excellent vision at baseline had a 63% reduced risk of dementia (95% confidence interval (CI): 20, 82) over a mean follow-up period of 8.5 years. Participants with poorer vision who did not visit an ophthalmologist had a 9.5-fold increased risk of Alzheimer disease (95% CI: 2.3, 39.5) and a 5-fold increased risk of cognitively impaired but no dementia (95% CI: 1.6, 15.9). Poorer vision without a previous eye procedure increased the risk of Alzheimer disease 5-fold (95% CI: 1.5, 18.8). For Americans aged 90 years or older, 77.9% who maintained normal cognition had received at least one previous eye procedure compared with 51.7% of those with Alzheimer disease. Untreated poor vision is associated with cognitive decline, particularly Alzheimer disease.
Summary
Bisphosphonates (BPs) are well established as the leading drugs for the treatment of osteoporosis. There is new knowledge about how they work. The differences that exist among individual BPs ...in terms of mineral binding and biochemical actions may explain differences in their clinical behavior and effectiveness.
Introduction
The classical pharmacological effects of bisphosphonates (BPs) appear to be the result of two key properties: their affinity for bone mineral and their inhibitory effects on osteoclasts.
Discussion
There is new information about both properties. Mineral binding affinities differ among the clinically used BPs and may influence their differential distribution within bone, their biological potency, and their duration of action. The antiresorptive effects of the nitrogen-containing BPs (including alendronate, risedronate, ibandronate, and zoledronate) appear to result from their inhibition of the enzyme farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase (FPPS) in osteoclasts. FPPS is a key enzyme in the mevalonate pathway, which generates isoprenoid lipids utilized for the post-translational modification of small GTP-binding proteins that are essential for osteoclast function. Effects on other cellular targets, such as osteocytes, may also be important. BPs share several common properties as a drug class. However, as with other families of drugs, there are obvious chemical, biochemical, and pharmacological differences among the individual BPs. Each BP has a unique profile that may help to explain potential clinical differences among them, in terms of their speed and duration of action, and effects on fracture reduction.
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