El artículo analiza cómo los adultos y los niños realizan inferencias sobre lo que podría haber ocurrido pero no ocurrió (contrafácticos). Para ello, se utiliza una tarea de razonamiento deductivo ...con enunciados condicionales reales (o fácticos, del tipo "si corres, llegas a tiempo") y contrarios a la realidad (o contrafácticos, del tipo "si hubieras corrido, habrías llegado a tiempo"), que se aplicó a participantes de distintas edades: niños de primero y segundo de primaria ( =7 años), niños de quinto y sexto de primaria ( =11 años), jóvenes de tercero y cuarto de secundaria ( =15 años), y adultos universitarios ( =23 años). Se realizaron dos estudios, el primero con adultos (60 participantes) y el segundo con los distintos grupos de edad (7, 11 y 15 años, en total 156 participantes). Tanto niños como adultos mostraron diferentes patrones de inferencias cuando se presentaban condicionales fácticos y contrafácticos. La comparación de las frecuencias de inferencias entre adultos y niños mostró diferencias sólo para los condicionales fácticos, pero no para los condicionales contrafácticos. Los resultados se discuten considerando principalmente la propuesta de la teoría de los Modelos Mentales.
Mamíferos, historia natural y colecciones Lizcano, Diego J.; Martínez-Medina, Daniela; Rodríguez-Posada, Miguel E. ...
Mammalogy notes = Notas mastozoológicas,
12/2020, Letnik:
6, Številka:
2
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
En este número de Mammalogy Notes presentamos tres notas sobre extensiones de distribución, siete notas de historia natural y tres inventarios de mamíferos. Las contribuciones provienen de Colombia, ...Perú, México, Brasil y Venezuela. Adicionalmente, incluimos tres nuevos trabajos de la serie especial sobre colecciones de mamíferos de Colombia. De esta forma Mammalogy notes continúa creciendo, mejorando y aportando al conocimiento de los mamíferos neotropicales
Contributing to the work of behavioral economics, this dissertation incorporates behavioral insights into the economics of risk, conflict, and charity in three independent chapters. The first chapter ...formalizes people’s attempts to eliminate worst-case scenarios using an expected utility framework. This is done by incorporating a new risk reduction technique—state-protection—into the endogenous risk framework. State-protection adds endogeneity over outcomes to risk-reduction decisions, and it can substitute or complement self-protection depending on how is incorporated; this creates a more general framework that nests previous models of self-protection. In the model, state-protection is shown to follow standard marginal conditions under expected utility, and allows for perceived risk to be modeled. The existence of state-protection can decrease people’s willingness to participate in aggregate—government-sponsored—protection programs, such as flood protection or climate change mitigation. The second chapter studies the effect of polarization in conflicts between—and within—alliances. The problem of polarized alliances is analyzed using a computer-based game in which subjects participate in sequential between- and within-alliance contests, and polarization is imposed as asymmetric income among alliance members. The experiment consisted of three stages: in the first stage subjects were asked to earn points by performing a task in the computer. In the second stage subjects were paired and asked to contest against another pair—for the rights to a prize—using the points earned. In the third stage subjects had to contest against their partner for the prize. Results from the experiment suggest induced income inequality (polarization) affects conflict between alliances—decreasing contributions to the alliance—and within alliances—increasing spending in internal fights—when sharing agreements do not exist and prizes are exogenous. The third chapter studies the relationship between productivity and charitable giving using a computer-based economic laboratory experiment. The experiment consisted of two games; in the first game subjects were grouped and asked to perform a real-effort task. Later, subjects were ranked according to their relative effort and paid depending on their ranks; at the same time subjects were given the option to transfer earnings to other group members. In the second game the option of giving was separated into giving outcomes (transfer money) and giving opportunities (transfer lottery tickets). The results indicate no direct relationship between productivity and charitable giving in terms of outcomes (money), contradicting results from previous works. However, a relationship is found between productivity and the giving of opportunities (tickets); subjects with higher productivity tend to give fewer opportunities than subjects with lower productivity.
This research analyses the impact of home practices, sociodemographic variables (family income and parents' education) and attendance at a formal education programme prior to the development of early ...literacy skills of 240 children (four years old) from rural and urban disadvantaged families starting nursery school in Chile. The results show that the development of literacy skills was higher in urban children. In rural areas, family practices (words games) and family income had the most predictive weight on the performance of children and no differences were found between those who attended a prior educational programme and those who remained at home; while in urban areas, programme attendance had the highest impact, so that children who remained at home attained a lower developmental level, similar to those of rural areas. The implications of these findings for educational practice and policy are discussed.
Diagnosing epilepsy is a problem of crucial importance. So analysing EEG data is of much importance to help this diagnosis. Assembling the Feigenbaum graphs for EEG signals. And calculating their ...average clustering, average degree, and average shortest path length. We manage to characterize two different data sets from each other. Each data set consisted of focal and non-focal activity, from where epileptic regions could be identified. This method yields good results for identifying sets of data from epileptic zones. Suggesting our approach could be used to aid physicians with diagnosing epilepsy from EEG data.
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