"The American taxpayer"--angered by government waste and satisfied only with spending cuts--has preoccupied elected officials and political commentators since the Reagan Revolution. But resistance to ...progressive taxation has older, deeper roots. American Tax Resisters presents the full history of the American anti-tax movement that has defended the pursuit of limited taxes on wealth and battled efforts to secure social justice through income redistribution for the past 150 years.From the Tea Party to the Koch brothers, the major players in today's anti-tax crusade emerge in Romain Huret's account as the heirs of a formidable--and far from ephemeral--political movement. Diverse coalitions of Americans have rallied around the flag of tax opposition since the Civil War, their grievances fueled by a determination to defend private life against government intrusion and a steadfast belief in the economic benefits and just rewards of untaxed income. Local tax resisters were actively mobilized by business and corporate interests throughout the early twentieth century, undeterred by such setbacks as the Sixteenth Amendment establishing a federal income tax. Zealously petitioning Congress and chipping at the edges of progressive tax policies, they bequeathed hard-won experience to younger generations of conservatives in their pursuit of laissez-faire capitalism.Capturing the decisive moments in U.S. history when tax resisters convinced a majority of Americans to join their crusade, Romain Huret explains how a once marginal ideology became mainstream, elevating economic success and individual entrepreneurialism over social sacrifice and solidarity.
Multiple studies have shown how dendrites enable some neurons to perform linearly non-separable computations. These works focus on cells with an extended dendritic arbor where voltage can vary ...independently, turning dendritic branches into local non-linear subunits. However, these studies leave a large fraction of the nervous system unexplored. Many neurons, e.g. cerebellar granule cells, have modest dendritic trees and are electrically compact. It is impossible to decompose them into multiple independent subunits. Here, we upgraded the integrate and fire neuron to account for saturating dendrites. This artificial neuron has a unique membrane voltage and can be seen as a single layer. We present a class of linearly non-separable computations and how our neuron can perform them. We thus demonstrate that even a single layer neuron with dendrites has more computational capacity than without. Because any neuron has one or more layer, and all dendrites do saturate, we show that any dendrited neuron can implement linearly non-separable computations.
Selon l’OMS, plus de 80 % de la population en Afrique recourt à la médecine traditionnelle pour se soigner. Dans la présente étude, une enquête a été réalisée chez les pygmées Bambenga de la forêt du ...Groupement Lobala-Poko, Secteur de Dongo (Territoire de Kungu, Province du Sud-Ubangi), en République Démocratique du Congo dans le but d’inventorier les plantes médicinales utilisées par ces peuples autochtones pour la prise en charge des maladies courantes. Les résultats obtenus ont permis d’établir une liste floristique de 35 espèces appartenant à 17 familles dont les Leguminosae (17 %), Malvaceae et Meliaceae (avec 14 % chacune) sont les plus prépondérantes. Les résultats de cette étude ont également montré que 30 des plantes identifiées sont des arbres (86 %), trois sont des herbes (9 %) et enfin deux sont des lianes (6 %). L’écorce est la partie la plus utilisée (43 %) suivie respectivement de la feuille (20 %), de la racine (16 %), du fruit (14 %) et de la sève (8 %). Sur l’ensemble des 36 maladies soignées, la lombalgie est la plus citée suivie de la dysenterie et du bas ventre. Mots-Clefs: Enquête ethnobotanique, Plantes médicinales, Pygmées Bambenga, République démocratique du Congo
The aim of this study was to estimate the costs related to hospitalisation for exacerbations of COPD in patients who received domiciliary rehabilitation.
The hospital costs (obtained from the health ...insurance office of Bayonne) of 31 patients suffering from COPD of all stages, were analysed for the year of rehabilitation and for the preceding year. All the patients had access to the same management programme in a health care system: domiciliary bicycle ergometry, collective gymnastics, dietary advice, psychological support and education.
The analysis of the costs of respiratory care revealed two populations: a minority in whom costs were increased (two end of life situations requiring palliative care and two severe episodes requiring intensive care), and a majority in whom domiciliary rehabilitation led to a reduction of over 60% in the costs related to hospitalisation.
Respiratory rehabilitation reduces the costs of hospitalisation secondary to exacerbations in patients suffering from COPD but does not reduce the high costs related to severe episodes of respiratory failure or terminal care. It is important that rehabilitation is adapted to the needs of each patient until the end of his life.
Abstract
Background
Disease-free survival (DFS) with a 3-year median follow-up (3-year DFS) was validated as a surrogate for overall survival (OS) with a 5-year median follow-up (5-year OS) in ...adjuvant chemotherapy colon cancer (CC) trials. Recent data show further improvements in OS and survival after recurrence in patients who received adjuvant FOLFOX. Hence, reevaluation of the association between DFS and OS and determination of the optimal follow-up duration of OS to aid its utility in future adjuvant trials are needed.
Methods
Individual patient data from 9 randomized studies conducted between 1998 and 2009 were included; 3 trials tested biologics. Trial-level surrogacy examining the correlation of treatment effect estimates of 3-year DFS with 5 to 6.5-year OS was evaluated using both linear regression (RWLS2) and Copula bivariate (RCopula2) models and reported with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). For R2, a value closer to 1 indicates a stronger correlation.
Results
Data from a total of 18 396 patients were analyzed (median age = 59 years; 54.0% male), with 54.1% having low-risk tumors (T1-3 and N1), 31.6% KRAS mutated, 12.3% BRAF mutated, and 12.4% microsatellite instability high or deficient mismatch repair tumors. Trial-level correlation between 3-year DFS and 5-year OS remained strong (RWLS2 = 0.82, 95% CI = 0.67 to 0.98; RCopula2 = 0.92, 95% CI = 0.83 to 1.00) and increased as the median follow-up of OS extended. Analyses limited to trials that tested biologics showed consistent results.
Conclusions
Three-year DFS remains a validated surrogate endpoint for 5-year OS in adjuvant CC trials. The correlation was likely strengthened with 6 years of follow-up for OS.
In the critically acclaimed La Fin de la Pauverté? , Romain D. Huret identifies a network of experts who were dedicated to the post-World War II battle against poverty in the United States. John ...Angell's translation of Huret's work brings to light for an English-speaking audience this critical set of intellectuals working in federal government, academic institutions, and think tanks. Their efforts to create a policy bureaucracy to support federal socio-economic action spanned from the last days of the New Deal to the late 1960s when President Richard M. Nixon implemented the Family Assistance Plan. Often toiling in obscurity, this cadre of experts waged their own war not only on poverty but on the American political establishment. Their policy recommendations, as Huret clearly shows, often militated against the unscientific prejudices and electoral calculations that ruled Washington D.C. politics. The Experts' War on Poverty highlights the metrics, research, and economic and social facts these social scientists employed in their work, and thereby reveals the unstable institutional foundation of successive executive efforts to grapple with gross social and economic disparities in the United States. Huret argues that this internal war, coming at a time of great disruption due to the Cold War, undermined and fractured the institutional system officially directed at ending poverty. The official War on Poverty, which arguably reached its peak under President Lyndon B. Johnson, was thus fomented and maintained by a group of experts determined to fight poverty in radical ways that outstripped both the operational capacity of the federal government and the political will of a succession of presidents.
Capitalism Contested Romain Huret, Nelson Lichtenstein, Jean-Christian Vinel / Romain Huret, Nelson Lichtenstein, Jean-Christian Vinel
2020, 2020-12-11
eBook
In the historical narrative that prevails today, the New Deal years are positioned between two equally despised Gilded Ages—the first in the late nineteenth century and the second characterized by ...the world of Walmart, globalization, and right-wing populism in which we currently live. What defines these two ages is an increasing level of inequality legitimized by powerful ideologies, namely, Social Darwinism at the end of the nineteenth century and neoliberalism today. In stark contrast, the era of the New Deal was first and foremost an attempt to put an end to inequality in American society. In the historical longue durée, it appears today as a kind of golden age when policymakers and citizens sought to devise solutions to the two major "questions"—labor on one side, social on the other—that were at the heart of the American political economy during the twentieth century. Capitalism Contested argues that the New Deal order remains an effective framework to make sense of the transformation of American political economy over the last hundred years. Contributors offer an historicized analysis of the degree to which that political, economic, and ideological order persists and the ways in which it has been transcended or even overthrown. The essays pay attention not only to those ideas and social forces hostile to the New Deal, but to the contradictions and debilities that were present at the inauguration or became inherent within this liberal impulse during the last half of the twentieth century. The unifying thematic among the essays consists not in their subject matter—politics, political economy, social thought, and legal scholarship are represented—but in a historical quest to assess the transformation and fate of an economic and policy order nearly a century after its creation. Contributors: Kate Andrias, Romain Huret, William P. Jones, Nelson Lichtenstein, Nancy MacLean, Isaac William Martin, Margaret O'Mara, K. Sabeel Rahman, Timothy Shenk, Elizabeth Tandy Shermer, Jason Scott Smith, Samir Sonti, Karen M. Tani, Jean-Christian Vinel.
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