A new limited‐area numerical model (TRAM, for Triangle‐based Regional Atmospheric Model) has been built using a non‐hydrostatic and fully compressible version of the Navier–Stokes equations. ...Advection terms are solved using a Reconstruct–Evolve–Average (REA) strategy over the computational cells. These cells consist of equilateral triangles in the horizontal. The classical z‐coordinate is used in the vertical, allowing arbitrary stretching (e.g., higher resolution in the Planetary Boundary Layer, PBL). Proper treatment of terrain slopes in the bottom boundary conditions allows for accurately representing the orographic forcing. To gain computational efficiency, time splitting is used to integrate fast and slow terms separately and acoustic modes in the vertical are solved implicitly. For real cases on the globe, the Lambert map projection is applied, and all Coriolis and curvature terms are retained. No explicit filters are needed. The first part of the manuscript describes the dynamical core of the model and provides its thorough validation using a variety of benchmark tests (mostly in two dimensions) in the context of a dry‐adiabatic atmosphere. In the second part, TRAM is reformulated for a moist atmosphere and is completed with a proper set of physical parametrizations of cloud microphysics, cumulus convection, short and long‐wave radiation, PBL processes and surface fluxes. Various examples of the great versatility offered by this full version will be presented, with special emphasis on Mediterranean case studies. In summary, TRAM performs as well as state‐of‐the‐art numerical models and is suitable for simulating circulations ranging from small‐scale thermal bubbles (≈100 m scale) to synoptic‐scale baroclinic cyclones (>1000 km size), including orographic circulations, thermally driven flows, squall lines, supercells, all kinds of precipitation systems and medicanes. Besides opening a myriad of academic and research applications, TRAM regional forecasts at different resolutions are being disseminated in the web (see
https://meteo.uib.es/tram).
A new limited‐area numerical model (TRAM, for Triangle‐based Regional Atmospheric Model) is presented and validated through numerous two‐dimensional and three‐dimensional tests. It performs as well as state‐of‐the‐art models and is suitable to simulate circulations ranging from small‐scale thermal bubbles to synoptic‐scale baroclinic cyclones, including orographic circulations, thermally driven flows, squall lines, supercells, all kinds of precipitation systems and medicanes. Besides opening a myriad of academic and research applications, TRAM regional forecasts at different resolutions are available at
https://meteo.uib.es/tram.
Catalytic Asymmetric Diamination of Styrenes Muñiz, Kilian; Barreiro, Laura; Romero, R. Martín ...
Journal of the American Chemical Society,
03/2017, Letnik:
139, Številka:
12
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
An enantioselective catalytic vicinal diamination of styrenes is reported, which proceeds under entirely intermolecular reaction control. It relies on a chirally modified aryliodine(I) catalyst and ...proceeds within an iodine(I/III) manifold with conventional 3-chloroperbenzoic acid as a terminal oxidant. An environmentally benign solvent combination not only adds to the attractiveness of the process but also slows down the rate of the undesired background reaction. A total of 30 examples are presented, which consistently provide high enantiomeric excesses in the range 91–98%.
2,6‐Disubstituted iodoarenes bearing amide‐functionalized side arms are reported as new structures in redox‐active iodine(I/III) catalysis. In combination with bis‐sulfonimides as nitrogen sources ...and 3‐chloroperbenzoic acid (mCPBA) as benign terminal oxidant they catalyze the vicinal diamination of styrenes. The obtained reactivity and selectivity outperform other iodoarene catalyst candidates. This protocol provides a sustainable alternative to previous related protocols for diamination that are based on stoichiometric iodine(III) reagents.
Rapid and productive: A new iodoarene catalyst promotes the vicinal diamination of styrenes and related compounds under mild reaction conditions with 3‐chloroperbenzoic acid (mCPBA) as terminal oxidant. This protocol provides a sustainable alternative to previous related protocols for diamination that are based on stoichiometric iodine(III) reagents.
The scientific and ethical principles that guide COVID-19 vaccine recommendations made by the nonprofit Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) are discussed. The ACIP underscores that ...any final recommendations await phase 3 safety and efficacy data from ongoing trials.
A novel statistical–deterministic method is applied to generate thousands of synthetic tracks of North Atlantic (NA) polar lows and Mediterranean hurricanes (“medicanes”); these synthetic storms are ...compatible with the climates simulated by 30 CMIP5 models in both historical and RCP8.5 simulations for a recent (1986–2005) and a future (2081–2100) period, respectively. Present-to-future multimodel mean changes in storm risk are analyzed, with special attention to robust patterns (in terms of consensus among individual models) and privileging in each case the subset of models exhibiting the highest agreement with the results yielded by two reanalyses. A reduction of about 10%–15% in the overall frequency of NA polar lows that would uniformly affect the full spectrum of storm intensities is expected. In addition, a very robust regional redistribution of cases is obtained, namely a tendency to shift part of the polar low activity from the south Greenland–Icelandic sector toward the Nordic seas closer to Scandinavia. In contrast, the future change in the number of medicanes is unclear (on average the total frequency of storms does not vary), but a profound reshaping of the spectrum of lifetime maximum winds is found; the results project a higher number of moderate and violent medicanes at the expense of weak storms. Spatially, the method projects an increased occurrence of medicanes in the western Mediterranean and Black Sea that is balanced by a reduction of storm tracks in contiguous areas, particularly in the central Mediterranean; however, future extreme events (winds > 60 kt; 1 kt = 0.51 m s−1) become more probable in all Mediterranean subbasins.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
BFBNIB, DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Human Papillomavirus Vaccination for Adults Meites, Elissa; Szilagyi, Peter G.; Chesson, Harrell W. ...
MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report,
08/2019, Letnik:
68, Številka:
32
Journal Article, Newsletter
Odprti dostop
Vaccination against human papillomavirus (HPV) is recommended to prevent new HPV infections and HPV-associated diseases, including some cancers. The Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices ...(ACIP)* routinely recommends HPV vaccination at age 11 or 12 years; vaccination can be given starting at age 9 years. Catch-up vaccination has been recommended since 2006 for females through age 26 years, and since 2011 for males through age 21 years and certain special populations through age 26 years. This report updates ACIP catch-up HPV vaccination recommendations and guidance published in 2014, 2015, and 2016 (1-3). Routine recommendations for vaccination of adolescents have not changed. In June 2019, ACIP recommended catch-up HPV vaccination for all persons through age 26 years. ACIP did not recommend catch-up vaccination for all adults aged 27 through 45 years, but recognized that some persons who are not adequately vaccinated might be at risk for new HPV infection and might benefit from vaccination in this age range; therefore, ACIP recommended shared clinical decision-making regarding potential HPV vaccination for these persons.
The Maritime Continent is the largest archipelago in the world and a region of intense convective activity that influences Earth’s general circulation. The region features one of the warmest oceans, ...very complex topography, dense vegetation, and an intricate configuration of islands, which together result in very specific precipitation characteristics, such as a marked diurnal cycle. Atmospheric models poorly resolve deep convection processes that generate rainfall in the archipelago and show fundamental errors in simulating precipitation. Spatial resolution and the use of convective schemes required to represent subgrid convective circulations have been pointed out as culprits of these errors. However, models running at the kilometer scale explicitly resolve most convective systems and thus are expected to contribute to solve the challenge of accurately simulating rainfall in the Maritime Continent. Here we investigate the differences in simulated precipitation characteristics for different representations of convection, including parameterized and explicit, and at various spatial resolutions. We also explore the vertical structure of the atmosphere in search of physical mechanisms that explain the main differences identified in the rainfall fields across model experiments. Our results indicate that both increased resolution and representing convection explicitly are required to produce a more realistic simulation of precipitation features, such as a correct diurnal cycle both over land and ocean. We found that the structures of deep and shallow clouds are the main differences across experiments and thus they are responsible for differences in the timing and spatial distribution of rainfall patterns in the various convection representation experiments.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
BFBNIB, DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Traditional Chinese medicine commands a unique position among all traditional medicines because of its 5000 years of history. Our own interest in natural products from traditional Chinese medicine ...was triggered in the 1990s, by artemisinin-type sesquiterpene lactones from Artemisia annua L. As demonstrated in recent years, this class of compounds has activity against malaria, cancer cells, and schistosomiasis. Interestingly, the bioactivity of artemisinin and its semisynthetic derivative artesunate is even broader and includes the inhibition of certain viruses, such as human cytomegalovirus and other members of the Herpesviridae family (e.g., herpes simplex virus type 1 and Epstein-Barr virus), hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, and bovine viral diarrhea virus. Analysis of the complete profile of the pharmacological activities and molecular modes of action of artemisinin and artesunate and their performance in clinical trials will further elucidate the full antimicrobial potential of these versatile pharmacological tools from nature.
•Wine lees present higher anthocyanin concentrations than grape marc.•Microwave pre-treatment enhance anthocyanin extraction up to two fold.•Microwave pre-treatment reduce the extraction time from ...15 min to 90 s.•Ultrasounds only affect the extraction time, decreasing it from 15 min to 5 min.•ORAC values increase with the employment of the pre-treatments.
Wine lees are rich in anthocyanins (AC), natural colorants with health promoting properties. The extraction kinetics of AC from different wine lees in conventional solid–liquid extraction were studied for the first time. The influence of parameters such as temperature, solid–liquid ratio (RS-L) and type of solvent (hydro-alcoholic mixtures) was also studied. Furthermore, microwaves (MW) and ultrasounds (US) were used as pre-treatments (a prior step to the conventional extraction) in order to increase AC yield. Maximum extraction yield (2.78 mgMALVIDIN-EQUIVALENTS/gDRY-LEES) was achieved after 15 min at 25 °C, with a RS-L of 1/10 (g/mL) and with a 50%vol. ethanol mixture. When MW were used AC extraction yield was doubled (6.20 mgMALVIDIN-EQUIVALENTS/gDRY-LEES) and the required time to achieve a constant yield was reduced (from 15 min to 90 s). Meanwhile, US only shortened extraction time in less proportion (from 15 to 5 min). Putative identification of main extract compounds was performed by LC/MS-MS.
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