This contribution deals with the use of different sources of data (field surveys with total station and GPS, air photographs and topographic maps) as well as their integrated digital treatment in a ...GIS context to quantify the morphological changes in a ridge of coastal dunes in the southwest of Spain. The results show very high and incrementing rates of foredune retreat, significant losses of foredune surface and a clear negative sedimentary balance (lowering and inland migration) in its recent evolution (1979–1996). Two processes can explain this evolution: (1) marine erosion and (2) the re-activation of aeolian deflation. The combined use of GPS (code/phase) and soft-copy photogrammetry seem to provide the best for monitoring future changes. Abbreviations: DTM = Digital Terrain Model GPS = Global Positioning System DTM = Digital Terrain Model GPS = Global Positioning System
Summary Three samples of French oak and one sample of American oak were analyzed by different gas chromatographic‐mass spectrometric (GC/MS) methods. Two methods of quantifying the main volatile ...compounds in oak wood were compared, namely, Direct Thermal Desorption coupled with GC/MS and analysis of mixtures of water‐ethanol and wines that had been in contact with oak chips by extraction using an organic solvent followed by GC/MS analysis of the extract. The ratio of the two oak lactones released into the wine by the oak chips was the same as the ratio observed in original, untreated wood. These substances are of particular sensory importance in wines aged in oak wood barrels. Thus, the use of oak chips in white wines may be advantageous. The wines steeped with the oak chips improved their acceptability rating 2 points on a scale of 9.
In this study, we determine the incidence of Type I (insulin‐dependent) diabetes mellitus in the 0–29‐y‐old group in Badajoz (the largest and least developed province of Spain). We test for ...differences in incidence by age at diagnosis, time cluster and sex. Diabetes clinics and periodic review of hospital administration data provided the primary source of ascertainment. The secondary independent data source was based on registries of local Diabetic Associations and guarantee cards of blood glucose meters. Data were collected retrospectively in the period 1992–95 and prospectively for 1996. During the 5‐y period (1992–96), 186 new cases of Type I diabetes were identified. Completeness of ascertainment was 95%. Average annual incidence (95% CI) for the 0–14, 15–29 and 0–29‐y‐old groups was 17.6/100,000 (14.5−21.2), 8.8/100,000 (6.9–11.1) and 12.8/100,000 (11–14.7). The highest age‐specific annual incidence rate was found in the 10–14 age group: 23.4/100,000 (17.6–30.4). The incidence in males (14.7/100,000/y) was higher than in females (10.7/100,000/y). There was a seasonal onset pattern, with the highest incidence in autumn and winter. October was the month with the highest number of new cases (29/186). The province of Badajoz has a moderately high incidence of Type I diabetes in 0–14‐y‐old children, similar to that found in other more developed and densely populated regions of Spain. These data contradict the hypothesis of a decrease in the incidence of the disease from north to south over Europe.
Field trials were conducted in two locations in Spain to determine the effect of methyl bromide (MBr) alternatives on soilborne diseases and nematodes, and strawberry (Fragaria xananassa) yields ...under high-tunnel conditions. Fumigant treatments were applied to the same plots each year. Treatments were MBr + chloropicrin (Pic) (50:50, v/v) at a rate of 400 kg·ha-1; 1,3-dichloropropene (1,3-D) + Pic (65:35, v/v) at 300 kg·ha-1; Pic at 300 kg·ha-1; dimethyl disulfide (DMDS) + Pic (50:50, v/v) at 500 kg·ha-1; propylene oxide at 550 kg·ha-1; dazomet at 400 kg·ha-1; and calcium cyanamide (Ca-cyanamide) at 700 kg·ha-1. A nontreated control was also included. Fumigation with MBr + Pic, 1,3-D + Pic, Pic, and DMDS + Pic consistently improved early and total marketable strawberry yields in both locations. This response was caused by successful soilborne fungus and nematode control, improving strawberry growth and development, which resulted in increased plant canopy diameters and higher strawberry early and total yield.
La necesidad de regular los volúmenes de agua en función de las necesidades de riego y la disponibilidad de los recursos hídricos ha provocado la construcción de un gran número de balsas de riego. El ...presente trabajo describe el proceso para el desarrollo de mapas de inundación en caso de rotura, los cuales son obligatorios según la normativa española. Este proceso ha sido aplicado a 14 casos de estudio reales, empleándose los modelos de cálculo FLDWAV e IBER. Los resultados han mostrado que existen diferencias al considerar las distintas formas de rotura: tubificación o sobrevertido, obligando a que ambas sean consideradas. A partir de los valores de calado y velocidad se han definido diferentes criterios de daño, que permiten una interpretación más específica de las zonas inundadas. El estudio realizado contribuye a una mejor interpretación de este tipo de situaciones, así como ayudar en la planificación y gestión de posibles emergencias.
We tested whether and how functional composition changes with succession in dry deciduous and wet evergreen forests of Mexico. We hypothesized that compositional changes during succession in dry ...forest were mainly determined by increasing water availability leading to community functional changes from conservative to acquisitive strategies, and in wet forest by decreasing light availability leading to changes from acquisitive to conservative strategies. Research was carried out in 15 dry secondary forest plots (5-63 years after abandonment) and 17 wet secondary forest plots (<1-25 years after abandonment). Community-level functional traits were represented by community-weighted means based on 11 functional traits measured on 132 species. Successional changes in functional composition are more marked in dry forest than in wet forest and largely characterized by different traits. During dry forest succession, conservative traits related to drought tolerance and drought avoidance decreased, as predicted. Unexpectedly acquisitive leaf traits also decreased, whereas seed size and dependence on biotic dispersal increased. In wet forest succession, functional composition changed from acquisitive to conservative leaf traits, suggesting light availability as the main driver of changes. Distinct suites of traits shape functional composition changes in dry and wet forest succession, responding to different environmental filters.
The main objective of this study is to estimate growth kinetic constants and the concentration of “active” attached biomass in two anaerobic thermophilic reactors which contain different initial ...sizes of immobilized anaerobic mixed cultures and decompose distillery wastewater. This paper studies the substrate decomposition in two lab-scale fixed-bed reactors operating at batch conditions with corrugated tubes as support media. It can be demonstrated that high micro-organisms-substrate ratios favor the degradation activity of the different anaerobic cultures, allowing the stable operation without lag-phases and giving better quality in effluent. The kinetic parameters obtained – maximum specific growth rates (
μ
max), non-biodegradable substrate (
S
NB) and “active or viable biomass” concentrations (
X
V
0
) – were obtained by applying the Romero kinetic model L.I. Romero, 1991. Desarrollo de un modelo matemático general para los procesos fermentativos, Cinética de la degradación anaerobia, Ph.D. Thesis, University of Cádiz (Spain), Serv. Pub. Univ. Cádiz, with COD as substrate and methane (CH
4) as the main product of the anaerobic process. This method is suitable to calculate and to differentiate the main kinetic parameters of both the total anaerobic mixed culture and the methanogenic population. Comparison of experimental measured concentration of volatile attached solids (VS
att) in both reactors with the estimated “active” biomass concentrations obtained by applying Romero kinetic model L.I. Romero, 1991. Desarrollo de un modelo matemático general para los procesos fermentativos, Cinética de la degradación anaerobia, Ph.D. Thesis, University of Cádiz (Spain), Serv. Pub. Univ. Cádiz shows that a large amount of inert matter is present in the fixed-bed reactor.
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