Here an overview of the special issue "Amino acid nutrition and metabolism in health and disease" is given. In addition to several comprehensive and timely reviews, this issue had some original ...research contributions on fundamental research in animal models as well as human clinical trials exploring how the critical nutrients amino acids affect various traits.
Three difficulties confront researchers in the resilience arena. At the conceptual level, there is the need to identify resilient actions, including those that may seem to violate established norms, ...such as rational behavior. At the operational level, it may be difficult to model individual, group, and community behavior in a single framework. At the empirical level, it is especially difficult to gather data on resilience to specify models. The purpose of this paper is to summarize progress on all three planes. First, defines several important dimensions of economic resilience to disasters. Second, shows how computable general equilibrium modeling represents a useful framework for analyzing the behavior of individuals, businesses, and markets. Third, summarizes recent progress in the conceptual and empirical modeling of resilience, including the incorporation of disequilibria and the recalibration of key behavioral parameters on the basis of empirical data. Fourth, uses the results of a case study to illustrate some important issues relating to the subject.
•The GC/GR axis represents a major checkpoint in systemic stress responses and metabolic control.•Tissue-specific actions of the GR control essential components of glucose, lipid, bile acid and ...protein homeostasis.•Novel roles of the GC/GR axis comprise the regulation of the molecular clock and brain-periphery communication.
In the past decades, glucocorticoid (GC) hormones and their cognate, intracellular receptor, the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), have been well established as critical checkpoints in mammalian energy homeostasis. Whereas many aspects in healthy nutrient metabolism require physiological levels and/or action of GC, aberrant GC/GR signalling has been linked to severe metabolic dysfunction, including obesity, insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Consequently, studies of the molecular mechanisms within the GC signalling axis have become a major focus in biomedical research, up-to-date particularly focusing on systemic glucose and lipid handling. However, with the availability of novel high throughput technologies and more sophisticated metabolic phenotyping capabilities, as-yet non-appreciated, metabolic functions of GC have been recently discovered, including regulatory roles of the GC/GR axis in protein and bile acid homeostasis as well as metabolic inter-organ communication. Therefore, this review summarises recent advances in GC/GR biology, and summarises findings relevant for basic and translational metabolic research.
The functional morphology of primate masticatory musculature has been the subject of many studies. However, with the exception of analyses of four taxa, these have always described this anatomy using ...traditional, destructive, gross anatomical dissections. In the current study, we use diffusible iodine‐based contrast‐enhanced computed tomography (DiceCT), in which specimens are stained with Lugol’s iodine that binds to the glycogen in muscle fibers to increase their radio‐opacity to the point of being able to discriminate between fascicles using x‐ray‐based imagery, to examine the masticatory muscle fiber architecture of nine strepsirrhine species across four genera of lemurid and Propithecus, Daubentonia and Otolemur. Not only do we report data on the traditional architectural variables of muscle volume, fascicle length (FL), physiological cross‐sectional area (PCSA), but also on variables unattainable except through three‐dimensional visualization: fascicular curvature and 3D orientation. The breadth of this sample more than triples the number of primates for which DiceCT has been applied to questions of fascicular architecture, allowing, for the first time, functional interpretation using this non‐destructive visualization technique. We have confirmed that this approach yields similar FL and PCSA measurements compared to those collected using destructive dissection. Further, this approach allows findings unavailable without this three‐dimensional visualization. Namely, fascicle angularity seems to relate to gouging – Daubentonia fascicles clearly align with its anteroposterior jaw motions. Further, fascicular compression seems relate to diet, with the most folivorous taxon in our sample, Propithecus, having 7% lower fascicular compression at near occlusion than that of Varecia, our most frugivorous taxon which has the highest arc:chord ratio (1.16) in the sample. While the scanning and subsequent “digital dissection” of the fascicles costs more time and money than does architectural data collection using traditional gross dissection, these expenses are coming down as scanners are becoming better and cheaper and digital tools (including improved selection algorithms) will allow faster fascicular analysis. Most importantly, these techniques not only yield data non‐destructively (allowing the study of specimens too precious to physically dissect), but they also preserve important three‐dimensional spatial relationships previously unavailable. This allows for the first analyses of true in situ fascicular orientation which is important for understanding naturalistic force vectors – a feature that may have important benefits for more accurate computer modeling of this complicated system – and fascicular compression – a feature with implications for understanding variable muscle activation during the chewing cycle – something previously only ever attainable with invasive live animal experimentation.
Muscle is a complex tissue that has been studied on numerous hierarchical levels: from gross descriptions of muscle organization to cellular analyses of fiber profiles. In the middle of this space ...between organismal and cellular biology lies muscle architecture, the level at which functional correlations between a muscle's internal fiber organization and contractile abilities are explored. In this review, we summarize this relationship, detail recent advances in our understanding of this form-function paradigm, and highlight the role played by The Anatomical Record in advancing our understanding of functional morphology within muscle over the past two decades. In so doing, we honor the legacy of Editor-in-Chief Kurt Albertine, whose stewardship of the journal from 2006 through 2020 oversaw the flourishing of myological research, including numerous special issues dedicated to exploring the behavioral correlates of myology across diverse taxa. This legacy has seen the The Anatomical Record establish itself as a preeminent source of myological research, and a true leader within the field of comparative anatomy and functional morphology.
Stress relief of chemo illness Rose, Adam J; Lockie, Sarah H
The Journal of experimental medicine,
07/2024, Letnik:
221, Številka:
7
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
New studies (Tang et al. 2024. J. Exp. Med.https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.20231395) describe a liver stress pathway that is activated by certain chemotherapeutic drugs, which in turn induces a peptide ...hormone which partially mediates the lower food intake and body weight loss during chemotherapy treatment.
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