We show that a recent interesting idea to circumvent the difficulties with the continuation of parton distribution functions to the Euclidean region, which consists in looking at equal time ...correlators between proton states of infinite momentum, encounters some problems related to the power divergent mixing pattern of deep inelastic scattering operators, when implemented within the lattice regularization.
Summary Background Sentinel-lymph-node mapping has been advocated as an alternative staging technique for endometrial cancer. The aim of this study was to measure the sensitivity and negative ...predictive value of sentinel-lymph-node mapping compared with the gold standard of complete lymphadenectomy in detecting metastatic disease for endometrial cancer. Methods In the FIRES multicentre, prospective, cohort study patients with clinical stage 1 endometrial cancer of all histologies and grades undergoing robotic staging were eligible for study inclusion. Patients received a standardised cervical injection of indocyanine green and sentinel-lymph-node mapping followed by pelvic lymphadenectomy with or without para-aortic lymphadenectomy. 18 surgeons from ten centres (tertiary academic and community non-academic) in the USA participated in the trial. Negative sentinel lymph nodes (by haematoxylin and eosin staining on sections) were ultra-staged with immunohistochemistry for cytokeratin. The primary endpoint, sensitivity of the sentinel-lymph-node-based detection of metastatic disease, was defined as the proportion of patients with node-positive disease with successful sentinel-lymph-node mapping who had metastatic disease correctly identified in the sentinel lymph node. Patients who had mapping of at least one sentinel lymph node were included in the primary analysis (per protocol). All patients who received study intervention (injection of dye), regardless of mapping result, were included as part of the assessment of mapping and in the safety analysis in an intention-to-treat manner. The trial was registered with ClinicalTrials.gov , number NCT01673022 and is completed and closed. Findings Between Aug 1, 2012, and Oct 20, 2015, 385 patients were enrolled. Sentinel-lymph-node mapping with complete pelvic lymphadenectomy was done in 340 patients and para-aortic lymphadenectomy was done in 196 (58%) of these patients. 293 (86%) patients had successful mapping of at least one sentinel lymph node. 41 (12%) patients had positive nodes, 36 of whom had at least one mapped sentinel lymph node. Nodal metastases were identified in the sentinel lymph nodes of 35 (97%) of these 36 patients, yielding a sensitivity to detect node-positive disease of 97·2% (95% CI 85·0–100), and a negative predictive value of 99·6% (97·9–100). The most common grade 3–4 adverse events or serious adverse events were postoperative neurological disorders (4 patients) and postoperative respiratory distress or failure (4 patients). 22 patients had serious adverse events, with one related to the study intervention: a ureteral injury incurred during sentinel-lymph-node dissection. Interpretation Sentinel lymph nodes identified with indocyanine green have a high degree of diagnostic accuracy in detecting endometrial cancer metastases and can safely replace lymphadenectomy in the staging of endometrial cancer. Sentinel lymph node biopsy will not identify metastases in 3% of patients with node-positive disease, but has the potential to expose fewer patients to the morbidity of a complete lymphadenectomy. Funding Indiana University Health, Indiana University Health Simon Cancer Center, and the Indiana University Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology.
Flapping-wing micro air vehicles (FWMAVs) are a class of unmanned aircraft that imitate flight characteristics of natural organisms such as birds, bats, and insects, in order to achieve maximum ...flight efficiency and manoeuvrability. Designing proper mechanisms for flapping transmission is an extremely important aspect for FWMAVs. Compliant transmission mechanisms have been considered as an alternative to rigid transmission systems due to their lower the number of parts, thereby reducing the total weight, lower energy loss thanks to little or practically no friction among parts, and at the same time, being able to store and release mechanical power during the flapping cycle. In this paper, the state-of-the-art research in this field is dealt upon, highlighting open challenges and research topics. An optimization method for designing compliant transmission mechanisms inspired by the thoraxes of insects is also introduced.
In this paper we reexamine the possibility of extracting parton distribution functions from lattice simulations. We discuss the case of quasiparton distribution functions, the possibility of using ...the reduced Ioffe-time distributions and the more recent proposal of directly making reference to the computation of the current-current T-product. We show that in all cases the process of renormalization hindered by the lattice momenta limitation represents an obstruction to a direct Euclidean calculation of the parton distribution function.
Cryptococcus neoformans is a facultative intracellular pathogen and its interaction with macrophages is a key event determining the outcome of infection. Urease is a major virulence factor in C. ...neoformans but its role during macrophage interaction has not been characterized. Consequently, we analyzed the effect of urease on fungal-macrophage interaction using wild-type, urease-deficient and urease-complemented strains of C. neoformans. The frequency of non-lytic exocytosis events was reduced in the absence of urease. Urease-positive C. neoformans manifested reduced and delayed intracellular replication with fewer macrophages displaying phagolysosomal membrane permeabilization. The production of urease was associated with increased phagolysosomal pH, which in turn reduced growth of urease-positive C. neoformans inside macrophages. Interestingly, the ure1 mutant strain grew slower in fungal growth medium which was buffered to neutral pH (pH 7.4). Mice inoculated with macrophages carrying urease-deficient C. neoformans had lower fungal burden in the brain than mice infected with macrophages carrying wild-type strain. In contrast, the absence of urease did not affect survival of yeast when interacting with amoebae. Because of the inability of the urease deletion mutant to grow on urea as a sole nitrogen source, we hypothesize urease plays a nutritional role involved in nitrogen acquisition in the environment. Taken together, our data demonstrate that urease affects fitness within the mammalian phagosome, promoting non-lytic exocytosis while delaying intracellular replication and thus reducing phagolysosomal membrane damage, events that could facilitate cryptococcal dissemination when transported inside macrophages. This system provides an example where an enzyme involved in nutrient acquisition modulates virulence during mammalian infection.
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Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Muscle wasting occurs in a variety of conditions, including both genetic diseases, such as muscular dystrophies, and acquired disorders, ranging from muscle disuse to cancer cachexia, from heart ...failure to aging sarcopenia. In most of these conditions, the loss of muscle tissue is not homogeneous, but involves specific muscle groups, for example Duchenne muscular dystrophy affects most body muscles but spares extraocular muscles, and other dystrophies affect selectively proximal or distal limb muscles. In addition, muscle atrophy can affect specific fiber types, involving predominantly slow type 1 or fast type 2 muscle fibers, and is frequently accompanied by a slow-to-fast or fast-to-slow fiber type shift. For example, muscle disuse, such as spinal cord injury, causes type 1 fiber atrophy with a slow-to-fast fiber type shift, whereas cancer cachexia leads to preferential atrophy of type 2 fibers with a fast-to-slow fiber type shift. The identification of the signaling pathways responsible for the differential response of muscles types and fiber types can lead to a better understanding of the pathogenesis of muscle wasting and to the design of therapeutic interventions appropriate for the specific disorders.
This article is part of a Directed Issue entitled: Molecular basis of muscle wasting.
On behalf of the Drug and Therapeutics, and Ethics Committees of the Pediatric Endocrine Society, we sought to update the guidelines published in 2003 on the use of growth hormone (GH). Because ...idiopathic short stature (ISS) remains a controversial indication, and diagnostic challenges often blur the distinction between ISS, GH deficiency (GHD), and primary IGF-I deficiency (PIGFD), we focused on these three diagnoses, thereby adding recombinant IGF-I therapy to the GH guidelines for the first time.
This guideline was developed following the GRADE approach (Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation).
This guideline provides recommendations for the clinical management of children and adolescents with growth failure from GHD, ISS, or PIGFD using the best available evidence.
The taskforce suggests that the recommendations be applied in clinical practice with consideration of the evolving literature and the risks and benefits to each individual patient. In many instances, careful review highlights areas that need further research.
The role of noncovalent interactions in the adsorption of biological molecules on graphene is a subject of fundamental interest regarding the use of graphene as a material for sensing and drug ...delivery. The adsorption of dopamine on regular graphene and graphene with monovacancies (GV) is theoretically studied within the framework of density functional theory. Several adsorption modes are considered, and notably those in which the dopamine molecule is oriented parallel or quasi‐parallel to the surface are the more stable. The adsorption of dopamine on graphene implies an attractive interaction of a dispersive nature that competes with Pauli repulsion between the occupied π orbitals of the dopamine ring and the π orbitals of graphene. If dopamine adsorbs at the monovacancy in the A–B stacking mode, a hydrogen bond is produced between one of the dopamine hydroxy groups and one carbon atom around the vacancy. The electronic charge redistribution due to adsorption is consistent with an electronic drift from the graphene or GV surface to the dopamine molecule.
Perfectly noncovalent! The adsorption of dopamine on perfect graphene involves noncovalent interactions of π–π and CH⋅⋅⋅π character, according to the adsorption mode, as well as electron drift from substrate to adsorbate. On graphene with monovacancies, a hydrogen bond is formed involving a hydroxy group of dopamine and a carbon atom of the vacancy in the AB stacking mode.
In the past few years there has been a growing interest in environmentally clean renewable sources for hydrogen production. In this context new technologies have been developed for ethanol and ...glycerine reforming. Hydrogen production varies significantly according to the operating conditions such as pressure, temperature and feed reactants ratio. The thermodynamic analysis provides important knowledge about the effects of those variables on the process of ethanol and glycerine reforming. The present work was aimed at analyzing the thermodynamic steam reforming of ethanol and glycerine, using Gibbs free energy minimization using actual temperature and pressure data found in the literature. The nonlinear programming model was implemented in GAMS
® and the CONOPT2 solver was used to solve the equations. The ideality in gaseous phase and the formation of solid carbon was considered. The methodology used reproduced the most relevant papers involving experimental studies and thermodynamic analysis.
This article focuses on the relationship between digital and material culture, and on the necessity to establish a dialogue between them centred on the needs of the latter, rather than led by the ...potential of the former. Our understanding of the material culture changes continuously, and the advent of the digital era represents a significant opportunity to improve and increase our knowledge. The application of modern technologies can only be implemented thanks to a strict collaboration between experts of digital and material culture, as the two points of view can offer fresh insights to one another. It is important to stress, however, that the application of modern technologies should be implemented in order to answer specific research questions, inspired by a precise underlying philosophy, and not simply by which technology is currently available and applicable.
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