This book examines the afterlife of Partition as imprinted on the memories and postmemories of Hindu and Sikh survivors from West Punjab to foreground the intersection between history, memory and ...narrative. It shows how survivors script their life stories to reinscribe tragic tales of violence and abjection into triumphalist sagas of fortitude, resilience, industry, enterprise and success. At the same time, it reveals the silences, stutters and stammers that interrupt survivors' narrations to bring attention to the untold stories repressed in their consensual narratives.
By drawing upon current research in history, memory, narrative, violence, trauma, affect, home, nation, borders, refugees and citizenship, the book analyzes the traumatizing effects of both the tangible and intangible violence of Partition by tracing the survivors' journey from refugees to citizens as they struggled to make new homes and lives in an unhomely land. Moreover, arguing that the event of Partition radically transformed the notions of home, belonging, self and community, it shows that individuals affected by Partition produce a new ethics and aesthetic of displacement and embody new ways of being in the world.
An important contribution to the field of Partition studies, this book will be of interest to researchers on South Asian history, memory, partition and post-colonial studies.
This special section on micro partitions follows 'the reduction in scale' from macro in national to meso in regional and micro in micro-regional histories in the field of Partition studies through ...focusing on micro-narratives of Partition from Punjab, a region divided between India and Pakistan after the Partition of the Indian subcontinent in 1947. The focus of the essays is on affective memories of Partition in testimonies and cultural representations to examine the microhistories of displaced persons in micro-regions in West Punjab, including the North Western Frontier Province (Kohat, Bannu, Derajat), South Punjab (Multan, Bahawalpur) and the Mewat region in India, resettled in metro and non-metro cities and towns in India, Pakistan and the UK, through the lens of microhistory or microstoria and affect theories. The section hopes to examine the Partition's affective charge embodied in 'vernacular' languages and representational forms left out of print cultures,
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which include both traditional genres such as ritual theatre, folk-songs, folk music, folk-tales and proverbs as well as contemporary ones like popular music, ritual practices, festivals and pilgrimage sites through which communities from these micro-regions have represented Partition's collective trauma. It draws on the methods of microhistory to closely analyse narratives of small local events, communities and neighbourhoods in Punjab's micro-regions and subregions to connect the stories of these small places and 'little' people with the macro-narrative or grand narrative of Partition, so as to inquire what microhistory can bring to the understanding of Partition, as well as whether the micro-narratives relate to or throw new light on metanarratives.
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Bhangra music has generically functioned as the site for the articulation of a particular form of Jat masculinity that may be described as hypermasculine. In its glorification of Jat machismo and ...reification of the female as an object of the Jat's adoration, it has perpetuated gendered stereotypes originating in feudal Punjabi cultures of honour. Several Punjabi folksongs or those attributed to legendary Punjabi folk singers map strength, courage, and virility on the Jat body in which the objectification of the female body is traditionally sanctioned as a desirable Jat attribute. In hybrid Bhangra genres, Punjabi hypermasculinity is remodelled in relation to the hypermasculinist aesthetic of black genres like rap to produce an explosive toxic masculinity. This article focuses on the hypermasculine ethic underpinning popular bhangra music, particularly the songs of two popular singers, Jazzy B and Yo Yo Honey Singh, to examine the Canadian Punjabi youth masculinities that converge on Punjabi music to reproduce traditional Punjabi patriarchies. It shows that while the appropriation of these bhangra genres enables brown Indo-Canadians and "Surrey Jacks" to constitute alternative protest masculinities in opposition to hegemonic white masculinities, they engender different forms of misogyny and violence.
Inflammation is set off when innate immune cells detect infection or tissue injury. Tight control of the severity, duration, and location of inflammation is an absolute requirement for an appropriate ...balance between clearance of injured tissue and pathogens versus damage to host cells. Impeding the risk associated with the imbalance in the inflammatory response requires precise identification of potential therapeutic targets involved in provoking the inflammation. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) primarily known for the pathogen recognition and subsequent immune responses are being investigated for their pathogenic role in various chronic diseases. A mammalian homologue of Drosophila Toll receptor 4 (TLR4) was shown to induce the expression of genes involved in inflammatory responses. Signaling pathways via TLR4 activate various transcription factors like Nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer (NF-κB), activator protein 1 (AP1), Signal Transducers and Activators of Transcription family of transcription factors (STAT1) and Interferon regulatory factors (IRF's), which are the key players regulating the inflammatory response. Inhibition of these targets and their upstream signaling molecules provides a potential therapeutic approach to treat inflammatory diseases. Here we review the therapeutic targets involved in TLR-4 signaling pathways that are critical for suppressing chronic inflammatory disorders.
•Tight control of the severity, duration and location of inflammation is an absolute requirement for an appropriate balance between clearance of injured tissue and pathogens versus damage to host cells.•Potential therapeutic targets involved in provoking the inflammation include Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and their downstream signaling molecules responsible for their critical role in various chronic inflammatory diseases.•Signaling pathways via TLR4 activate various transcription factors like NF-κB, AP1, STAT1, and IRFs. Inhibition of these targets and their upstream signaling molecules provide a potential therapeutic approach to treat inflammatory diseases.•In this article, we have highlighted the already known inflammatory signaling players and discussed about the recent advancements in discovery of potential targets within the major TLR-4 mediated pathway.•SiR4 activs like nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer (NF-κB), activator protein 1 (AP1), signal transducers and activators of tran(STAT1) and nterferon regulatory factors (IRF's),
Originating as a Punjabi male dance, bhangra, reinvented as a genre of music in the 1980s, reiterated religious, gender, and caste hierarchies at the discursive as well as the performative level. ...Although the strong feminine presence of trailblazing female DJs like Rani Kaur alias Radical Sista in bhangra parties in the 1990s challenged the gender division in Punjabi cultural production, it was the appearance of Taran Kaur Dhillon alias Hard Kaur on the bhangra rap scene nearly a decade and a half later that constituted the first serious questioning of male monopolist control over the production of Punjabi music. Although a number of talented female Punjabi musicians have made a mark on the bhangra and popular music sphere in the last decade or so, Punjabi sonic production continues to be dominated by male, Jat, Sikh singers and music producers. This paper will examine female bhangra producers’ invasion of the hegemonic male, Sikh, Jat space of bhangra music to argue that these female musicians interrogate bhangra’s generic sexism as well as the gendered segregation of Punjabi dance to appropriate dance as a means of female empowerment by focusing on the music videos of bhangra rapper Hard Kaur.
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease arising due to an imbalance in lipid metabolism and maladaptive immune response driven by the accumulation of cholesterol‐laden macrophages in the ...artery wall. Interactions between monocytes/macrophages and endothelial cells play an essential role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. In our current study, nitric oxide synthase 1 (NOS1)‐derived nitric oxide (NO) has been identified as a regulator of macrophage and endothelial cell interaction. Oxidized LDL (OxLDL) activates NOS1, which results in the expression of CD40 ligand in macrophages. OxLDL‐stimulated macrophages produce some soluble factors which increase the CD40 receptor expression in endothelial cells. This increases the interaction between the macrophages and endothelial cells, which leads to an increase in the inflammatory response. Inhibition of NOS1‐derived NO might serve as an effective strategy to reduce foam cell formation and limit the extent of atherosclerotic plaque expansion.
iiiPunjab, a region divided between India and Pakistan, has witnessed multiple nomadic, mendicant, trading and pastoral mobilities for centuries. Imperial assisted mobilities in the nineteenth ...century produced a category of hypermobile Sikhs, who left their villages in Punjab to seek their fortunes in Southeast Asia, Africa, Australia, America and Canada. The practices of the British, British Indian and the Canadian governments to obstruct free flows of Sikhs offer telling instances of the exercise of governmentality through which both old imperialism and the new Empire assert their sovereignty.
This book focuses on the Komagata Maru episode of 1914: this Japanese ship was chartered by Gurdit Singh, a prosperous Sikh businessman from Malaya. It carried 376 passengers from Punjab and was not permitted to land in Vancouver on grounds of a stipulation about a continuous journey from the port of departure. It was forced to return to Kolkata, where the passengers were fired at, imprisoned or kept under surveillance. The author isolates juridical procedures, tactics and apparatuses of security through which the British Empire exercised power on imperial subjects to investigate the significance of this incident to colonial and postcolonial migration. Juxtaposing public archives including newspapers, official documents and reports with private archives and interviews of descendants, the book analyses the legalities and machineries of surveillance that regulate the movements of people in the old and new Empire.
Addressing contemporary discourse on neoimperialism and resistance, nation, migration, diaspora, multiculturalism and citizenship, this book will be of interest to scholars in the field of diaspora studies, postcolonialism, minority studies, migration and mobility studies, multiculturalism and Sikh/Punjab and South Asian studies.
Consuming Bollywood Roy, Anjali Gera
The journal of religion and film,
10/2020, Letnik:
24, Številka:
2
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Hindi popular cinema, marked with sartorial, visual and material excess, has paradoxically portrayed acquisition of wealth or unregulated consumption as inimical to the Chaturvarga philosophy, or the ...idea that an individual should seek four goods – Artha (wealth), Kama (pleasure), Dharma (duty) and Moksha (renunciation) - in moderation in order to lead a balanced life. While its visual imagery is largely oriented towards Artha or pleasure, Dharma, in its meaning as duty, has been the prime motivation of Hindi or Bombay cinema’s characters and structures the cinematic conflict and action. However, Hindi cinema appears to have undergone a phase-shift in the new millennium in its new Bollywood avatar in which consumerist pleasure is not viewed as incompatible with altruism, or even ethical values. New millennium Bollywood cinema articulates a new esthetic of pleasure that is inscribed on the eating, drinking, singing, dancing, loving body that appears to be attuned to global consumerism. While pleasure and consumption have always been Bollywood’s signature tunes, never have they been represented as congruent with Hindu family values or social responsibility as they are now. Although Dharma still wins in the end in new millennium Bollywood, it is not viewed as being inconsistent with the pursuit of wealth and pleasure or Artha (pleasure) or even renunciation or Moksha (renunciation). Traditionally, Dana (Pāli, Sanskrit: दान dāna) or generosity or giving, a form of alms as a form of religious act enjoined upon the individual has legitimized pursuit of Artha (wealth) and ensured the individual’s Moksha (spiritual salvation). The new Bollywood film legitimizes the pursuit of Artha and Kama through a form of non-reciprocal giving or Dana through which Hindu philosophy has traditionally balanced the pursuit of wealth. This essay reads the new Bollywood film within the framework of Chaturvarga and Dana to argue that these structuring principles enable a cultural artifact to mediate and resist the neo-liberalist ideology adopted in the economic and political realm. In particular, it will focus on its articulation of the Hindu notion of Dana (charity) in the context of global consumerism.
This essay revisits the ‘Komagata Maru’ incident of 1914 to investigate the legalities that have complicated migration from some parts of the world to others since the era of apparently porous ...colonial borders to the highly bordered contemporary world that is differentially porous. It shows that the promise of free movement in the global village is undercut by the reality of legislation and juridical issues that continue to regulate the movements of people from one part of the world to the other. It focuses on legal borders that restrict the movement of people in the contemporary world by returning to an earlier moment when several of these issues were foregrounded. The essay draws on Hardt and Negri’s (2000) Empire and Foucault’s notion of governmentality to identify the juridical procedures, tactics, apparatuses of security and machineries of surveillance that the British government employed against imperial subjects during the Komagata Maru episode of 1914. It argues that the national and supranational organisms united under the single logic of the sovereignty of the British Empire, through which state-centric imperialism obstructed the mobility of the passengers on the Komagata Maru, make it resemble the new Empire.
Since time immemorial, Malabar, the fabled port region on the western seaboard of India, has witnessed several waves of migration owing to its expansive trade networks across the Arabian Sea. This ...paper traces the continuous migration of the Multani Shikarpuri from Multan to Kozhikode (formerly Calicut and part of Malabar). The study, in its entirety, attempts to document the lived narratives and experiences of the Multani Shikarpuri community in Malabar. As the study progresses, it strives to understand the varied homemaking practices embodied and employed by the community in the host city. The study employs ethnographic and archival research methods to address these concerns and delineate the polyphonous cross-cultural contacts traversing the three regions of Multan, Shikarpur and Malabar.
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