Flooding is one of the major constraints for rice production in rainfed lowlands, especially in years and areas of high rainfall. Incorporating the Sub1 (Submergence1) gene into high yielding popular ...varieties has proven to be the most feasible approach to sustain rice production in submergence-prone areas. Introgression of this QTL into popular varieties has resulted in considerable improvement in yield after flooding. However, its impact under non-flooded conditions or years have not been thoroughly evaluated which is important for the farmers to accept and adopt any new version of their popular varieties. The present study was carried out to evaluate the effect of Sub1 on grain yield of rice in different genetic backgrounds, under non-submergence conditions, over years and locations. The study was carried out using head to head trials in farmer's fields, which enable the farmers to more accurately compare the performance of Sub1 varieties with their recurrent parents under own management. The data generated from different head to head trials revealed that the grain yield of Sub1 varieties was either statistically similar or higher than their non-Sub1 counterparts under non-submergence conditions. Thus, Sub1 rice varieties show no instance of yield penalty of the introgressed gene.
The accuracy of state-of-the-art atomic clocks is derived from the insensitivity of narrow optical atomic resonances to environmental perturbations. Two such resonances in singly ionized lutetium ...have been identified with potentially lower sensitivities compared to other clock candidates. Here we report measurement of the most significant unknown atomic property of both transitions, the static differential scalar polarizability. From this, the fractional blackbody radiation shift for one of the transitions is found to be -1.36(9) × 10
at 300 K, the lowest of any established optical atomic clock. In consideration of leading systematic effects common to all ion clocks, both transitions compare favorably to the most accurate ion-based clocks reported to date. This work firmly establishes Lu
as a promising candidate for a future generation of more accurate optical atomic clocks.
This document provides evidence-based clinical practice guidelines on the use of mechanical ventilation in adult patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS).
A multidisciplinary panel ...conducted systematic reviews and metaanalyses of the relevant research and applied Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation methodology for clinical recommendations.
For all patients with ARDS, the recommendation is strong for mechanical ventilation using lower tidal volumes (4-8 ml/kg predicted body weight) and lower inspiratory pressures (plateau pressure < 30 cm H
O) (moderate confidence in effect estimates). For patients with severe ARDS, the recommendation is strong for prone positioning for more than 12 h/d (moderate confidence in effect estimates). For patients with moderate or severe ARDS, the recommendation is strong against routine use of high-frequency oscillatory ventilation (high confidence in effect estimates) and conditional for higher positive end-expiratory pressure (moderate confidence in effect estimates) and recruitment maneuvers (low confidence in effect estimates). Additional evidence is necessary to make a definitive recommendation for or against the use of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in patients with severe ARDS.
The panel formulated and provided the rationale for recommendations on selected ventilatory interventions for adult patients with ARDS. Clinicians managing patients with ARDS should personalize decisions for their patients, particularly regarding the conditional recommendations in this guideline.
Habitat degradation and climate change are thought to be altering the distributions and abundances of animals and plants throughout the world, but their combined impacts have not been assessed for ...any species assemblage. Here we evaluated changes in the distribution sizes and abundances of 46 species of butterflies that approach their northern climatic range margins in Britain-where changes in climate and habitat are opposing forces. These insects might be expected to have responded positively to climate warming over the past 30 years, yet three-quarters of them declined: negative responses to habitat loss have outweighed positive responses to climate warming. Half of the species that were mobile and habitat generalists increased their distribution sites over this period (consistent with a climate explanation), whereas the other generalists and 89% of the habitat specialists declined in distribution size (consistent with habitat limitation). Changes in population abundances closely matched changes in distributions. The dual forces of habitat modification and climate change are likely to cause specialists to decline, leaving biological communities with reduced numbers of species and dominated by mobile and widespread habitat generalists.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IJS, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Invertebrate pathogens and their hosts are taxonomically diverse. Despite this, there is one unifying concept relevant to all such parasitic associations: Both pathogen and host adapt to maximize ...their own reproductive output and ultimate fitness. The strategies adopted by pathogens and hosts to achieve this goal are almost as diverse as the organisms themselves, but studies examining such relationships have traditionally concentrated only on aspects of host physiology. Here we review examples of host-altered behavior and consider these within a broad ecological and evolutionary context. Research on pathogen-induced and host-mediated behavioral changes demonstrates the range of altered behaviors exhibited by invertebrates including behaviorally induced fever, elevation seeking, reduced or increased activity, reduced response to semiochemicals, and changes in reproductive behavior. These interactions are sometimes quite bizarre, intricate, and of great scientific interest.
Neutron production in antineutrino interactions can lead to bias in energy reconstruction in neutrino oscillation experiments, but these interactions have rarely been studied. MINERvA previously ...studied neutron production at an average antineutrino energy of ~3 GeV in 2016 and found deficiencies in leading models. In this paper, the MINERvA 6 GeV average antineutrino energy dataset is shown to have similar disagreements. A measurement of the cross section for an antineutrino to produce two or more neutrons and have low visible energy is presented as an experiment-independent way to explore neutron production modeling. This cross section disagrees with several leading models’ predictions. Neutron modeling techniques from nuclear physics are used to quantify neutron detection uncertainties on this result.
Accelerator based neutrino oscillation experiments seek to measure the relative number of electron and muon (anti)neutrinos at different L / E values. However high statistics studies of neutrino ...interactions are almost exclusively measured using muon (anti)neutrinos since the dominant flavor of neutrinos produced by accelerator based beams are of the muon type. This work reports new measurements of electron (anti)neutrinos interactions in hydrocarbon, obtained by strongly suppressing backgrounds initiated by muon flavor (anti)neutrinos. Double differential cross sections as a function of visible energy transfer, E avail , and transverse momentum transfer, p T , or three momentum transfer, q 3 are presented. Published by the American Physical Society 2024
We report the observation of solar wind‐magnetosphere‐ionosphere interactions using a series of flux transfer events (FTEs) observed by Magnetospheric MultiScale (MMS) mission located near the ...dayside magnetopause on 18 December 2017. The FTEs were observed to propagate duskward and either southward or slightly northward, as predicted under duskward and southward interplanetary magnetic field (IMF). The Cooling model also predicted a significant dawnward propagation of northward‐moving FTEs. Near the MMS footprint, a series of poleward‐moving auroral forms (PMAFs) occurred almost simultaneously with those FTEs. They propagated poleward and westward, consistent with the modeled FTE propagation. The intervals between FTEs, relatively consistent with those between PMAFs, strongly suggest a one‐to‐one correspondence between the dayside transients and ionospheric responses. The FTEs embedded in continuous reconnection observed by MMS and corresponding PMAFs individually occurred during persistent auroral activity recorded by an all‐sky imager strongly indicate that those FTEs/PMAFs resulted from the temporal modulation of the reconnection rate during continuous reconnection. With the decay of the PMAFs associated with the FTEs, patch‐like plasma density enhancements were detected to form and propagate poleward and then dawnward. Propagation to the dawn was also suggested by the Super Dual Auroral Radar Network (SuperDARN) convection and Global Positioning System (GPS) total electron content data. We relate the temporal variation of the driving solar‐wind and magnetospheric mechanism to that of the high‐latitude and polar ionospheric responses and estimate the response time.
Plain Language Summary
The solar wind‐magnetosphere coupling often occurs in a nonsteady manner. Such disturbances modify the magnetosphere‐ionosphere system. One of the most common/important processes of such nonsteady phenomena is time‐dependent dayside reconnection, as observationally evidenced by flux transfer events (FTEs), which have been, in turn, represented by ionospheric poleward‐moving auroral forms (PMAFs). Decaying PMAFs have, then, been followed by the occurrence of polar cap patches, which are regions of plasma density enhancements observed in the polar cap. This study indicates a sequence of dynamic processes from the driving solar wind, nonsteady reconnection/FTEs, PMAFs, and polar cap patches. Although a portion of this link has been studied and reported, the complete sequence of these connections and full picture of the solar wind‐magnetopause‐ionosphere coupling have rarely been reported and examined. The series of FTEs embedded in continuous reconnection and corresponding PMAFs individually occurred during persistent auroral activity strongly indicate that the FTEs and PMAFs were in response to the temporal modulation of the reconnection rate during continuous reconnection, rather than the repeated, complete turn‐on and turnoff of dayside reconnection. Our study advances the knowledge of Magnetosphere‐Ionosphere‐Coupling near the cusp region and in the open field‐line region that has been less developed than on closed field lines.
Key Points
Multiple flux transfer events (FTEs) were observed to form on the dayside magnetopause under southward and duskward IMF
Ground‐based observations indicate the poleward‐moving plasma streams or auroral forms (PMAFs) associated with the FTEs
Development and transpolar motion of polar cap patches following the PMAFs complete the link of solar wind‐magnetosphere‐ionosphere coupling
Poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC)-based asymmetric membrane was prepared by nonsolvent-induced phase separation method using
N
,
N
-dimethylacetamide (DMAc) and
N
-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) as solvents. ...Poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) of three different molecular weights (PEG-400, PEG-4000, PEG-20000) was used as the pore former and hydrophilic additive. Solvent effect on the phase inversion mechanism and morphology was interpreted using the Hansen solubility parameter. Effect of molecular weight of PEG additive on the morphology and performance of the membrane was systematically investigated. It was observed that the pure water flux has been increased initially (up to 236.8 ± 3.3 Lm
−2
h
−1
) and then decreased (134.3 ± 0.7 Lm
−2
h
−1
) with the increase in the molecular weight of PEG in the PVC/PEG/DMAc system. However, pure water flux value of PVC/PEG/NMP system progressed (61.1 ± 1.2 to 184.1 ± 3.8 Lm
−2
h
−1
) with the rise in molecular weight of PEG. As the molecular weight of PEG increased, phase separation was enhanced, and membrane with higher porosity was formed. It was found that the shape and size of finger-like structures in the sub-layer increase with the increase in the molecular weight of PEG. Residual PEG content in the membrane also showed a positive gradation with the molecular weight of PEG, which extends the hydrophilicity of the membrane. Between the two solvents used, NMP showed better interaction with PVC than DMAc. The membranes exhibited sufficient thermal stability, mechanical strength and antifouling property suitable for ultrafiltration operation.
Atmospheric new particle formation (NPF) and growth significantly influences the indirect aerosol-cloud effect within the polar climate system. In this work, the aerosol population is categorised via ...cluster analysis of aerosol number size distributions (9-915 nm, 65 bins) taken at Villum Research Station, Station Nord (VRS) in North Greenland during a 7 year record (2010-2016). Data are clustered at daily averaged resolution; in total, we classified six categories, five of which clearly describe the ultrafine aerosol population, one of which is linked to nucleation events (up to 39% during summer). Air mass trajectory analyses tie these frequent nucleation events to biogenic precursors released by open water and melting sea ice regions. NPF events in the studied regions seem not to be related to bird colonies from coastal zones. Our results show a negative correlation (r = -0.89) between NPF events and sea ice extent, suggesting the impact of ultrafine Arctic aerosols is likely to increase in the future, given the likely increased sea ice melting. Understanding the composition and the sources of Arctic aerosols requires further integrated studies with joint multi-component ocean-atmosphere observation and modelling.
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