Single-molecule fluorescence techniques have revolutionized our ability to study proteins. However, the presence of a fluorescent label can alter the protein structure and/or modify its reaction with ...other species. To avoid the need for a fluorescent label, the intrinsic autofluorescence of proteins in the ultraviolet offers the benefits of fluorescence techniques without introducing the labelling drawbacks. Unfortunately, the low autofluorescence brightness of proteins has greatly challenged single molecule detection so far. Here we introduce optical horn antennas, a dedicated nanophotonic platform enabling the label-free detection of single proteins in the UV. This design combines fluorescence plasmonic enhancement, efficient collection up to 85° angle and background screening. We detect the UV autofluorescence from immobilized and diffusing single proteins, and monitor protein unfolding and dissociation upon denaturation. Optical horn antennas open up a unique and promising form of fluorescence spectroscopy to investigate single proteins in their native states in real time.
Single photon sources with high brightness and subnanosecond lifetimes are key components for quantum technologies. Optical nanoantennas can enhance the emission properties of single quantum ...emitters, but this approach requires accurate nanoscale positioning of the source at the plasmonic hotspot. Here, we use plasmonic nanoantennas to simultaneously trap single colloidal quantum dots and enhance their photoluminescence. The nano-optical trapping automatically locates the quantum emitter at the nanoantenna hotspot without further processing. Our dedicated nanoantenna design achieves a high trap stiffness of 0.6 (fN/nm)/mW for quantum dot trapping, together with a relatively low trapping power of 2 mW/μm2. The emission from the nanoantenna-trapped single quantum dot shows 7× increased brightness, 50× reduced blinking, 2× shortened lifetime, and a clear antibunching below 0.5 demonstrating true single photon emission. Combining nano-optical tweezers with plasmonic enhancement is a promising route for quantum technologies and spectroscopy of single nano-objects.
Single‐molecule detection (SMD) has been a hot topic for decades due to its extensive implementation in biomedical, chemical, physical, and material sciences. The methods used for single‐molecule ...detection are generally variants of fluorescence and Raman spectroscopy, which employs plasmonic particles for hot‐spot generation upon illumination. The signal generated by molecules in the hot spot is strong but not directive, so, <in most contemporary works, a nanomolar concentration is required to suppress noise from background molecules. However, at extremely low concentrations, biological samples vary with regard to conformation and interaction dynamics, so the most suitable dilution is micromolar. Thus an optical antenna that can both focus incident light at tight spots and be highly directive for the efficient collection of fluorescence is demanded. Herein, a nanoantenna in the shape of an aluminium hemisphere on a parabolic reflector providing both incident wave enhancement and efficient directive signal outcoupling is proposed and simulated. To achieve this feat, the focus of the parabolic reflector coincides spatially with the hot spot created by the plasmonic gap antenna. The structure shows broadband (
λ
=
250
–
350
nm
) escalation in directivity, 24–28 dB. The calculated incident field enhancement in the detection volume of the plasmonic gap is up to
10
5
.
An “antenna‐on‐reflector” operating in the UV‐C is presented, which uses a diffraction‐limited parabolic reflector antenna to collect light and a diffraction‐delimited plasmonic gap antenna at its focus, which further squeezes the light to the nanometer scale. The combination of a directive antenna and a resonance‐based high enhancement gain antenna is a key to the future of advanced optical antennas.
Single‐molecule fluorescence techniques are essential for investigating the molecular mechanisms in biological processes. However, achieving sub‐millisecond temporal resolution to monitor fast ...molecular dynamics remains a significant challenge. The fluorescence brightness is the key parameter that generally defines the temporal resolution for these techniques. Conventional microscopes and standard fluorescent emitters fall short in achieving the high brightness required for sub‐millisecond monitoring. Plasmonic nanoantennas are proposed as a solution, but despite huge fluorescence enhancement having been obtained with these structures, the brightness generally remains below 1 million photons/s/molecule. Therefore, the improvement of temporal resolution is overlooked. This article presents a method for achieving high temporal resolution in single‐molecule fluorescence techniques using plasmonic nanoantennas, specifically optical horn antennas. This work demonstrates about 90% collection efficiency of the total emitted light, reaching a high fluorescence brightness of 2 million photons/s/molecule in the saturation regime. This enables observations of single molecules with microsecond binning time and fast fluorescence correlation spectroscopy measurements. This work expands the applications of plasmonic antennas and zero‐mode waveguides in the fluorescence saturation regime toward brighter single‐molecule signal, faster temporal resolutions, and improved detection rates to advance fluorescence sensing, DNA sequencing, and dynamic studies of molecular interactions.
The method presented here enables achieving high temporal resolution in single‐molecule fluorescence techniques using plasmonic nanoantennas, resulting in brighter single‐molecule signals, faster temporal resolutions, and improved detection rates. This advancement expands the applications of plasmonic antennas and zero‐mode waveguides in fluorescence sensing and dynamic molecular interaction studies.
Semiconductor nanowires are the perfect platform for nanophotonic applications owing to their resonant, waveguiding optical properties and technological capabilities providing control over their ...crystalline and chemical compositions. The vapor-liquid-solid growth mechanism allows the formation of hybrid metal-dielectric nanostructures promoting sub-wavelength light manipulation. In this work, we explore both experimentally and numerically the plasmonic effects promoted by a gallium (Ga) nanoparticle optical antenna decorating the facet of gallium phosphide (GaP) nanowires. Raman, photoluminescence and near-field mapping techniques are used to study the effects. We demonstrate several phenomena including field enhancement, antenna effect and increase in internal reflection. We show that the observed effects have to be considered when nanowires with a plasmonic particle are used in nanophotonic circuits and discuss the ways for utilization of these effects for efficient coupling of light into nanowire waveguide and field tailoring. The results open up promising pathways for the development of both passive and active nanophotonic elements, light harvesting and sensorics.
Effects promoted by a Ga optical nanoantenna on self-assembled GaP nanowires including field confinement, enhanced internal reflection and antenna effect are explored. The perspectives for nanophotonic emitters, waveguides and couplers are discussed.
Tailorable synthesis of axially heterostructured epitaxial nanowires (NWs) with a proper choice of materials allows for the fabrication of novel photonic devices, such as a nanoemitter in the ...resonant cavity. An example of the structure is a GaP nanowire with ternary GaPAs insertions in the form of nano-sized discs studied in this work. With the use of the micro-photoluminescence technique and numerical calculations, we experimentally and theoretically study photoluminescence emission in individual heterostructured NWs. Due to the high refractive index and near-zero absorption through the emission band, the photoluminescence signal tends to couple into the nanowire cavity acting as a Fabry-Perot resonator, while weak radiation propagating perpendicular to the nanowire axis is registered in the vicinity of each nano-sized disc. Thus, within the heterostructured nanowire, both amplitude and spectrally anisotropic photoluminescent signals can be achieved. Numerical modeling of the nanowire with insertions emitting in infrared demonstrates a decay in the emission directivity and simultaneous rise of the emitters coupling with an increase in the wavelength. The emergence of modulated and non-modulated radiation is discussed, and possible nanophotonic applications are considered.
The development of novel nanophotonic devices and circuits necessitates studies of optical phenomena in nanoscale structures. Catalyzed semiconductor nanowires are known for their unique properties ...including high crystallinity and silicon compatibility making them the perfect platform for optoelectronics and nanophotonics. In this work, we explore numerically optical properties of gallium phosphide nanowires governed by their dimensions and study waveguiding, coupling between the two wires and resonant field confinement to unveil nanoscale phenomena paving the way for the fabrication of the integrated optical circuits. Photonic coupling between the two adjacent nanowires is studied in detail to demonstrate good tolerance of the coupling to the distance between the two aligned wires providing losses not exceeding 30% for the gap of 100 nm. The dependence of this coupling is investigated with the wires placed nearby varying their relative position. It is found that due to the resonant properties of a nanowire acting as a Fabry-Perot cavity, two coupled wires represent an attractive system for control over the optical signal processing governed by the signal interference. We explore size-dependent plasmonic behaviors of the metallic Ga nanoparticle enabling GaP nanowire as an antenna-waveguide hybrid system. We demonstrate numerically that variation of the structure dimensions allows the nearfield tailoring. As such, we explore GaP NWs as a versatile platform for integrated photonic circuits.
Nanoparticles (NPs) with different geometry have been extensively investigated for several decades owing to their unique optical properties which provide efficient focusing, absorption, scattering, ...waveguiding and directivity at the nanoscale. The development of an efficient photonic device requires good antenna, as well as resonator properties, that is where hybrid metal-semiconductor nanostructure comes in to play. This work is devoted to the numerical modeling of the optical properties of GaP nanowire (NW) with Ga plasmonic droplet. The modeling results demonstrate that such a self-assembled hybrid nanostructure provides polarization switchable focusing of light at the metal-semiconductor interface, effective beam steering, and emission confinement. Numerical simulation estimates that the field can be focused tenfold at the metal-semiconductor interface providing pathway for excitation of the quantum emitter or hot electron injection. The hybrid structure can also be used to turn the light efficiently without the need to bend the NW acting as a waveguide providing four times more efficient 90∘ beam steering compare to the NW without the Ga NP. We demonstrate that the light intensity varies 16 times at the interface for S and P polarization which can be utilized for optical switching in photonic or data processing applications. Finally, we discuss the architecture of the devices for the future applications based on the investigated hybrid structure.
Active plasmonics is a recent area of advancement in decade-old plasmonic technology. The plasmonic response is the function of material optical properties and dimensions, which is fixed after the ...fabrication, so to actively tune the plasmonic resonance external agent is needed. This work studies a gallium core-shell nanoparticle (NP) spherical structure with a native oxide shell of a few nanometers followed by a shell of liquid and core of solid. The dimension of phases in a NP can be reversibly controlled by varying temperature providing the ability to switch the plasmonic response. The results show a monotonous decrease in extinction cross-section at the resonances as liquid shell size decreases, and lossy core increases providing a new pathway for the control over optical properties of the system. This work explores the phase-change plasmonics in Ga NP which is chemically stable material especially in UV where gold and silver are lossy and Al is chemically unstable. Perspectives of the approach for thermal sensors and temperature-dependent plasmonic switches are discussed.
Plasmonic optical nanoantennas offer compelling solutions for enhancing light-matter interactions at the nanoscale. However, until now, their focus has been mainly limited to the visible and ...near-infrared regions, overlooking the immense potential of the ultraviolet (UV) range, where molecules exhibit their strongest absorption. Here, we present the realization of UV resonant nanogap antennas constructed from paired rhodium nanocubes. Rhodium emerges as a robust alternative to aluminum, offering enhanced stability in wet environments and ensuring reliable performance in the UV range. Our results showcase the nanoantenna's ability to enhance the UV autofluorescence of label-free streptavidin and hemoglobin proteins. We achieve significant enhancements of the autofluorescence brightness per protein by up to 120-fold and reach zeptoliter detection volumes, enabling UV autofluorescence correlation spectroscopy (UV-FCS) at high concentrations of several tens of micromolar. We investigate the modulation of fluorescence photokinetic rates and report excellent agreement between the experimental results and numerical simulations. This work expands the applicability of plasmonic nanoantennas to the deep UV range, unlocking the investigation of label-free proteins at physiological concentrations.
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